1、原级比较
(1)as... as结构,表示“和……一样”,其否定式形式为not so/as as;该结构前可以用nearly,almost,nothing like(绝对不),just,twice,(three) times等词修饰,表示某种程度的相等。
You're nothing like as critical as you used to be. 你一点也不像过去那样挑剔。
I just want to read as interesting a book as that one. = I just want to read a book as interesting as that one. 我只是想读跟那本一样有趣的书。
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep. 他入睡和醒过来都很迅速。
The room is not so big as we imagined房间没有我们想象的大
(2)not so much... as... 表示“与其····不如……(否定前者,肯定后者)”。
如:
Success lies not so much in luck as in hard work. 与其说成功在于运气,不如说在于辛勤劳动。
He is not so much a scholar as a pedant. 与其说他是个学者,不如说他是个书呆子。
It is not so much the language as the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand. 与其说是语言,不如说是文化背景使这本书难以理解。
(3)A is to B what C is to D句型,其中的连词what可以用来表示比较两种事物相同或相似的关系,表示“A之于B就好像C之于D一样”。但如果是数与数的比较,则一般用as。
To the Portuguese, the dry salted cod is what pasta is to the Italians. 咸鳕鱼干对葡萄牙人来说就像面食对意大利人一样不可或缺。
2 is to 4 as 8 is to 16. //As 2 is to 4, (so) 8 is to 16. 2比4等于8比16。
2、比较级
(1)常用结构:形容词/副词的比较级+than,其否定形式为less+形容词/副词原级+than。比较级前面可用a bit, a little, a lot, even,far,greatly,many,much,slightly,still等表示程度的词修饰。注意:当more后面接复数名词时,不能用much来修饰,而用many或far等词来修饰。
Mike is much less heavy than his brother. 迈克远没有弟弟重。
They need many more volunteers than we think. 他们需要志愿者的人数比我们设想的多得多
(2)“the+比较级...,the+比较级”表示“越……越……”。该结构前面部分是状语从句,后面部分是表示结果的主句,整个句子表示“后面部分随着前面部分的变化而变化”。
The older we grow, the poorer our memory will become. 年纪越大,记忆力越差。
The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of a fully-loaded truck, the greater the stress to the truck. 在一辆满载卡车的重压下,地表变形越小,卡车所受压力越大。
分析:“the+比较级……,the+比较级”结构表示“越…越…”;前后两个部分都应该使用自然语序,有时第二部分可以使用省略形式,本句的完整形式为the greater the stress is to the truck.其省略形式为the greater the stress,
(3)比较级的特殊结构
more A than B或rather A than B 与其说是B,不如说是A
less A than B或not so much A as B 与其说是A不如说是B
none other than 不是别的……正是……
no other... than 除了之外,没有;只有
more than 不只是,极其
no more than 仅仅,只不过
no more... than... 与……一样不……
other than 不同于……,非……
His visit to New York was more than sightseeing. 他去纽约不只是为了观光。
You are not capable of speaking English any more than I am. //You are no more capable of speaking English than I am. 你和我一样都说不好英语。
Our teacher asked us to write an essay in not more than three thousand words. 老师要求我们写一篇不超过3000字的文章。
In his composition, there were no other errors than a few misspelled words. 在他的作文里除了几个拼写错误,没有别的错误。
This room is no bigger than that one. 这间房和那间一样小。
比较:This room is not bigger than that one. 这间房间不比那间大。
John is no less hardworking than his sister but he failed in the exam. 约翰和他的姐姐一样努力,但他没通过考试。
分析:not less... than属于常规的比较级构成形式,表示在两者之间进行数量或程度上的比较。如:What he earns is not less than mine. (他赚的并不比我少。)而no less...than则是一个特殊用法,它并不在两者之间进行比较,而强调“两者都……,与……一样”例如:He is no less rich than me.(他和我一样都很富有。)本题是强调约翰和他姐姐都很努力,而并不是想在两者之间比较谁更努力,因此不用not less,应该选no less。而no more than的意思为相反的“两者都不.……”。
(4)“of a/an+n.”相当于一个形容词,表示具有后面那个名词的性质,可用于以下搭配:as much/little of a/an+n.+as分句;more/less of a/an+n+than分句。
What he told us was more of an illusion than a reality. 他对我们所说的在很大程度上是一种幻觉而不是真实的东西。
It was as much of a success as we had hoped. 这正如我们希望的那样,是个了不起的成功。
分析:be much of a/an... 表示“了不起的,称得上的”,可用于as... as结构或more... than结构:as much of a/an...或more of a/an..than。还原成非比较句为:It was much of a success.
3、最高级
基本结构为:(the)+形容词/副词的最高级+比较范围。最高级的含义也可通过more... than,as...as,否定词+比较级等结构表达。
这里the并不是固定的,而是出现在名词短语中的形容词前面才会有定冠词出现,如果是补语位置的形容词,前面则不必加冠词the。
Yangmingshan is crowded. 阳明山人潮汹涌。
Yangmingshan is most crowded in March. 三月的阳明山人最多。
This is one of the best movies I've ever watched. 这是我看过的最好的电影之一。
My mother does more housework than any of us. 妈妈做家务活比我们任何人都要多。(妈妈干家务活最多。)
Nothing is more attractive to me than reading. //Nothing appeals to me more than reading. 没有什么比阅读对我更有吸引力。
The Yangtze River is among the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一
Issues of price, place,promotion, and product are among the most conventional concerns in planning marketing strategies. 诸如价格、地点促销和产品等事宜是制定市场营销策略时最常见的考虑因素。
4、as,than引导比较状语从句
在as... as和more... than等比较结构中,as/than可作连词,引导比较状语从句,充当从句中的主语、表语、宾语的作用,其功能类似于定语从句的关系代词。
Children should not have more money than is needed. 孩子们不应该有比需要的更多的钱。
The medicine is more effective than is expected. 这药比预期的更有效。
She makes as much (money) as I do.她赚的钱和我赚的一样多。
5、倍数表达法
“A is 倍数+the size/length/width of B”(A是B的几倍大小/长/宽)
“A is 倍数 as+形容词或副词原级+as B”(A是B的几倍)
“A is 倍数 more than B”(A比B多几倍)
*注意:对“A is倍数 more than B”结构的理解存在争议,为避免歧义,表示倍数时,建议使用“A is 倍数+the size/length/width of B"或“A is 倍数 as+形容词或副词原级+as B”结构。
The Yangtze River is almost three times the length of(=three times as long as= twice longer than)the Pearl River. 长江差不多是珠江的三倍长。/ 长江差不多比珠江长两倍。
A new laptop costs about three times the price of a second-hand one. 一台新的笔记本电脑的价格大概是二手笔记本电脑价格的3倍。
分析:比较级句型:A is three (four, etc.) times the size (height, length, width, etc.) of B表示倍数,意为“A的大小(高度、长度、宽度等)是B的三倍(或四倍等)”。
6、具有比较意义的特殊形式
(1)一些本身就具有比较意义的单词,其后常接介词to引出比较的对象而不能用than。常见的有:senior to(比……年长;比……地位高),junior to(比……年少:比……级别低),anterior/prior to(在……之前),posterior to(晚于),prefer to(更喜欢,宁愿),superior to(比…优越),inferior to(比……差,低于……的)。
The children prefer camping in the mountains to an indoor activity. 相对于室内活动,孩子们更喜欢爬山。
分析:prefer A to B表示“与B相比起来,更喜欢A”。
(2)表示对比的一些标志性词语,如like,unlike,in contrast,in comparison with,compared with等,可用于同级比较、比较级和最高级。注意不要混淆compare with(与……相比)和compare to(把……比作)。
The Prime Minister's support staff is tiny in comparison with (=compared with) that of a US President. 和美国总统比起来首相的参谋团人数少得可怜。
(3)一些表示完全、极限的形容词,由于本身意义的关系,不能采用比较结构。
常见的有:absolute(绝对的),alone(单独的,独一无二的),correct(正确的),complete(完全的),dead(死的,无感觉的),excellent(优秀的),empty(空的),eternal(永恒的,不变的),false(错的),final(最终的),horizontal(水平的),maximum(最高/大的),perfect(最好的),primary(第一位的),pregnant(怀孕的),round(圆的),single(单一的),square(正方形的),straight(直的),supreme(最高的),unique(独一无二的),unanimous(意见一致的),wrong(错误的)。
尽管这些词没有“等级差别”,但可以使用表示“接近的”副词来修饰。比如:nearly,almost,the most closely,more nearly。
nearly perfect 接近完美的
nearly dead 奄奄一息的
almost fatal 几乎致命的
Shakespeare occupies a unique place in English literature. 莎士比亚在英国文学史上占有独一无二的地位。