介词 Preposition
英文词典释义:
Longman: a word that is used before a noun, pronoun, or gerund to show place, time, direction etc.
Cambridge: a word that is used before a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun, connecting it to another word
Oxford: a word or a group of words used before a noun or a pronoun to show place, position, time or method
新华字典释义:
介:在两者中间,媒介,中介,【介词】用在名词代词和名词性词组前,表示对象,方向等的词。
通过上面的理解,中英文的释义,结合英语句子中介词真正的作用和意义。
可以归纳总结:英语中的介词在结构上起到的是不同信息间的连接作用,在意思上承接时间,地点,方式,内容,方向,状态,关系,逻辑等内容。
举例:a country in Africa (范围)
in 2022 (时间)
on the wall (位置)
on the bus (方式)
at the corner (位置)
good at French (内容)
但是无数的例子告诉我们,在很多时候我们是弄不清楚到底用哪个介词。因为每次都不一样,老师告诉我们说:
1.“大地点”用“in”,“小地点”用“at”,可是我见过 in the room 和at the airport,哪个地点大?
2. 有时候是in the hospital,有时候是at the hospital,老师让我记一个是“生病住院”一个是“在医院工作”,怎么理解?
3. With有很多意思,“拿着”,“带着”,“戴着”,“一起”,“使用”,“关于”,更高级一点的还有“为……工作”,“由于”,“跟随”怎么记?还有短语“Are you with me?”能理解为你和我在一起吗?
所以按照以前的方式记忆介词恐怕是一个“无底黑洞”。要灵活运用介词,需要以下两步:
一、 记住介词的“最根本”的意思,
二、 理解介词中句子的整体意思,学习介词的具体语境下的意思,而不是用已知的介词的意思推断句子的意思。
下面的讲解首先解读最本的介词在句子中的意思理解。以下所有例句摘录于在线剑桥词典(CD)和在线朗文词典(LD)。不建议记住下面介词的在具体环境下的具体意思,而是要充分理解,判断,比较介词在不同语境下的意思,但不要偏离其最根本的意思。
1. In
in表示:根本意思处于……之内。可以是空间,位置,时间,事件,团体,角度,情感,整体,过程,从而引申为穿着,在……时候, 在……地方,以……方式。
He took us for a drive in his new car. (LD:空间)
My parents live in New Zealand now.(LD:位置)
Is Mark still in bed? (CD:位置)
Bye, see you in the morning (= tomorrow morning). (CD:时间)
He used to be the lead singer in a rock band. (CD:团体)
What do you look for in a relationship? (CD:情感)
There are too many spelling mistakes in this essay. (CD:整体)
I’ll be with you in a minute. (LD:过程,指过完一分钟/一会儿,有很多人被教成在……之后理解)
He looked very handsome in his uniform. (LD:其实也是指身体在衣服之内)
I want you all to stand in a circle. (LD:形式)
In my excitement, I forgot all about the message. (LD:情感)
She left in a bit of a hurry. (CD:情感)
2. On
on表示:根本意思在……表面,从而引申出接触,开始,继续,展示,打开,边界,承担等。
Ow, you're standing on my foot! (CD:表示脚与地面接触)
They live in that old house on the hill. (CD:在表面,能看见。如果是深山老林里寻找一个房子,那就不是了。)
There's blood on your shirt.(CD:表面)
My birthday's on 30 May. (CD:表示到某个时间开始)
She was dead on arrival (= dead when she arrived) at the hospital. (同上)
What's on the menu tonight? (CD:展示)
Could you switch on the radio? (CD:开始,接触到开关,通电)
You’ll see the school on your left. (LD:表示边界,这里不讲和to the left 的细微差别)
I love travelling on trains. (CD:表示接触到火车,用火车旅行,而不是强调载火车里面的位置关系)
Dinner's on me tonight.(LD:表示承担,抽象表示接触)
He accidentally set his bed on fire. (CD:表示表面、开始)
I wanted to punch him on the nose.(LD:表面)
There’s a diagram on page 25. (同上)
Max's on holiday this week. (CD:表示开始)
What's on TV tonight? (同上)
Criticism has no effect on him. (CD:表示接触,批评根本碰不到他)
He spent €180 on a hat.(CD:表示在……上花费,是抽象指代)
We're relying on you.(CD:依靠你,抽象指代)
I'm working on a new book. (CD:在……上下功夫)
3. At
at表示:根本意思在……具体地点/时间点/事件/状态/内容之中,通常影射出在此地点应该做的理所当然的事情。
We'll meet you at the entrance.(CD:具体地点,没有前后左右,里外等位置关系)
Sarah took another sip at her wine.(LD:具体位置)
We spent the afternoon at a football match. (CD:表明在那里应该是看比赛)
I spent an unpleasant hour at the dentist’s.(LD:表明在那里应该是牙齿坏了看牙医,)
I called her but she was at lunch (=She was eating her lunch).(CD:表示具体时间点,(有改动))
In theory, women can still have children at the age of 50. (CD:具体时间点)
Hulme was a student at Oxford in the 1960s. (LD:表明在学校的这个抽象概念下,而不是指学校具体某个位置)
We were surprised at the news. (CD:事件)
I’ve always been good at maths. (LD:事件)
I was never very good at sports. (同上)
He was driving at 120 mph when the police spotted him.(CD:状态,只强调速度达到的点)
a country at war (CD:状态,表示正在进行,持续的)
4. Of
Of表示:根本意思所属关系。可以是具体的,抽象的或者是人为的。
a friend of mine(CD:抽象所属)
the back of the house (LD:位置所属)
the length of the swimming pool (LD:属性所述)
employees of the company(CD:抽象隶属所属)
the love of a good woman (CD:抽象情感所属)
loads of food (CD:数量上的所属)
a drop of rain (CD:形式上的所属)
a bar of chocolate (LD:形态上的所属)
a book of short stories (CD:内容上的所属)
the top of his head(CD:位置上的所属)
the eleventh of March (CD:时间所属)
plates of gold and silver (CD:材料所属)
scared of spiders (CD:情感所属,蜘蛛的恐惧)
How thoughtful of you. (CD:情感所属)
the difficulty of bringing up twins (CD:时间抽象所属)
He died of cancer. (CD:抽象所属,由于癌症的原因)
I liked the green one best of all.(CD:整体部分所属)
5. With
With表示:根本意思在一起。从而引申出携带,使用,因为,支持,随着等。
I saw Bob in town with his girlfriend. (LD:和,“在一起”)
I left my books with Sandra. (CD:给,书和Sandra“在一起”)
You’d better bring your passport with you. (LD:携带,护照和你“在一起”)
What will you buy with the money? (LD:使用,但根本的意思还是将商品和钱同时出现,钱和商品在一起)
She wiped her lipstick off with a tissue.(CD:使用,口红和纸巾“在一起”)
a hat decorated with brightly coloured feathers (LD:伴随,帽子的特征和帽子“在一起”)
Her boots were covered with mud. (LD:带着,泥土和靴子“在一起”)
a tall woman with dark hair (CD:拥有,黑发和女人“在一起”)
Be careful with that glass. (LD:对于,你和这个玻璃“在一起”的时候要小心)
Is there something wrong with your phone? (LD:在……中,毛病和电话“在一起”)
I hope you’re not angry with me. (LD:伴随,你的气氛别和我“在一起”)
Both their children graduated with degrees in economics. (CD:伴随,学位和毕业在一起)
How are things with you? (CD:相关,事情和你“在一起”)
He prepared everything with great care. (LD:在……中,他的谨慎和全部事情“在一起”)
‘Oh, I’m not in a hurry, ’ I said with a smile.(LD:伴随,我的话语和微笑“在一起”)
The risk of cancer increases with the number of cigarettes you smoke. (LD:因为,烟和癌症在一起)
I can't work with all that noise going on. (CD:因为,噪音和工作“在一起”)
The manager is Stuart Walker, who has been with the company since 1970. (LD:从事于……,公司和经理“在一起”)
With all his faults, I still like him.(LD:携带,错误和他“在一起”)
写在最后:
看了上面的例子,并不是说,某一个介词的使用是固定的,或者说这句话就得用某一个介词。在意思和结构上成立的使用,都是正确的语言表达。所以英语的词汇和语法学习不是“记住就完了”,没有理解,判断,比较的分析,可能“记住真就完了!”