(五)一般将来时：
1.用法：表示未来发生的动作或存在的状态；
2.时间状语：
(1)next（下一个） +表示时间的单数可数名词(day/month/ week/year等)；
(2)in（……之后）+ 时间段=时间段+ later：
e.g. in five years= five
years later五年之后；
(3)in+未来的年份：in 2050;
(4)in the future在未来.
3.谓语动词的形式：will(主语可以为任意人称)/shall(主语只能为第一人称单复数I/we) + do(动词原形);
e.g. Tom will go to school three days later.
I will be a doctor in the future.
(六)现在完成时
1.用法：
(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果；
e.g. I have already finished my homework.
She has already read this book.
Mary and Tom have finished their lunch.
(2)也表示过去发生的动作从过去一致延续到现在，也可能是将来。此用法常与延续性动词连用。
e.g. I have studied English for three years.
She has lived here for eight years.
Tom has worked there since 1998.
They have been here since they graduated.
2.常与现在完成时搭配的时间状语：yet（用于否定句和疑问句）, already（用于肯定句）, for +一段时间（a year, three months,etc.）, since +表示过去的时间点，so far, ever, in the past few years（months, days, etc.）, up to now, before等；
e.g. I haven’t had lunch yet.
Mary has already read this book.
3.形式：助动词have/has + done（动词的过去分词）；
4.主谓一致：have:当主语为：I, you和复数主语；
has:当主语为第三人称单数（he, she, Mary, etc.）.
5.动词过去分词的转变规则：
(1)规则变化：和动词过去式的变法一致；
(2)不规则变化：特殊记忆（有些相同，有些不同）。
6.现在完成时常与since +句子连用，since从句用一般过去时。
e.g. I have studied Japanese since I graduated from university.
She has worked here since she came Shanghai.
7. have/has been (to)与have/has gone(to)的区别
(1)has/have been (to)意为“到过某地”，说话时此人已经不再那个地方，可能已经回来，强调经历；
(2)has/have gone(to)意为“已经去了某地”，说话时此人已经不再这里，很可能已经到达那个地方或是在路上。
e.g. He has been to Beijing.
He has gone to Beijing.
Where has Tom been?
Where has Tom gone?
8.瞬间动词与延续性动词：
(1)瞬间性动词指不能够持续的动词，如go, come, arrive, die等，不能与一段时间连用。
(2)延续性动词表示可以持续的动词，如stay, live, wait等。
e.g. She has gone to Shanghai.
I have lived in the place for three years.
9.现在完成时与一般过去时的区分
(1)一般过去时只表示过去的动作，现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果；
e.g. I read the book last year.
I have read the book.
(2)现在完成时的动作开始于过去而且现在还在继续，而一般过去时的动作早已结束；
e.g. He has worked in this company for three years.
He has worked in this company for three years.
(3)现在完成时表示动作发生在过去一个不确定的时间，常与already,yet, never, before等连用；一般过去时表示在过去某个确定的时间发生，常与过去具体的时间连用；
e.g. I have already read the book.
I lived in the countryside three years ago.
(4)用how long来询问for +一段时间或since +过去的时间点；
e.g. How long have you had that bike over there?
I’ve had it for three years.
How long has his son owned the train and railway set?
He’s owned it since his fourth birthday.
(七)过去完成时：
1. 定义：表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束, 也可能是早已完成或结束, 即“过去的过去”；也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某个时刻。
2. 结构：had +动词的过去分词
3. 用法：
（1）表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态。句中常用by,before, when, until等词引导时间状语。它是以过去某一时间为起点, 所以过去完成时是一个相对的时态, 表示的是“过去的过去”。只有和过去某时间或某动作相比较时才能用到它;
e.g.Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
(2)过去完成时还可表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去, 常与for, since等词连用;
e.g. When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour.
4.by the time 意为“到……时候(为止)”, 是一个介词短语, 在句中常起到连词的作用, 引导时间状语从句。
(1)如果从句中的谓语动词是一般过去时, 那么主句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时, 表示“截止到从句动作发生时, 主句动作已经完成, 即过去的过去”。
e. g. By the time you came back, I had finished this book.
(2)如果从句中的谓语动词为一般现在时或现在完成时, 那么主句中的谓语动词常用将来完成时, 表示“截止到将来的某一时刻为止, 主句动作将已完成”。
e.g. By the time I get home, they will have left.
By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for five years.
(3)注意： by the end of +时间点意为“到……结束时”
① +过去的时间点, 主句用过去完成时；
e.g. By the end of last year, I had stayed in Xi’an for seven years.
② +将来的时间点, 主句用将来完成时；
e.g .By the end of next month, I will have finished my new book.
by+时间点意为“到……为止；截止……时”
① +现在的时间点, 主句用现在完成时；
e.g. By now, I have finished all my homework.
② +过去的时间点, 主句用过去完成时；
e.g. By yesterday, the building had been completed.
③ +将来的时间点, 主句用将来完成时。
e.g. By tomorrow, all the students will have been out of the school.
