这是我关于学习美国康奈尔大学MOOC课程《Environmental Education: Trans-disciplinary Approaches to Addressing Wicked Problems环境教育：跨领域方法解决复杂问题》，简称为GlobalEE的一些随感记录。
GlobalEE的每一小节有一个讨论。比如Food systems/Food sovereignty 《食物系统与粮食主权 》要讨论的问题就是In 2-3 sentences, what ways do people achieve food sovereignty and food security in cities in your country?在你的国家，如何实现粮食主权和粮食安全。
这是一个非常开放的问题，共计有几百个回答和对回答的更近，大部分还是介绍美国的情况。
不过其中我个人比较感兴趣的，是一个爱沙尼亚的学生Rea Raus的回答。爱沙尼亚是一个东欧国家。百度得之属海洋性气候，受海洋影响明显，春季凉爽少雨，夏秋季温暖湿润，冬季寒冷多雪，冬季平均气温7℃，夏季平均气温16℃，年平均降水量500－700毫米。
她的核心观点是两个，一个是食物的供应链问题，缩短从农户到用户的过程。另外一个她提出了收集和保存本地本土种子的重要性。实际上她只是提出问题，没有对问题进行太多的解答。
但后面的跟进讨论中，其他的同学补充了很多信息。
其中引起广泛认同的是一位叫做Emily A. DeMoor, Ph.D.的回应。虽然系统标注她也是学生，但是感觉来头不小而且她的回复似乎激发起了下面很多同学的兴奋，所以以我渣渣的英文推测，似乎Emily A. DeMoor, Ph.D.也算是一个人物。她这个问题进行了进一步的推进，介绍了一个叫做Sustainable Berea的项目，www.sustainableberea.org/，这个是网站，不过在某些国家打不开。
Sustainable Berea是一个非营利组织，目的是为了建立一个可持续的社区。其中的一个保持可持续的方式就是他们有一个种子库，保存和记录一些种子的信息。
接着，一位叫做Kirstin Alana Baum的学生，从Emily A. DeMoor, Ph.D.分享的Sustainable Berea，想到了另外一个组织，分享了一个网站 http://www.seedsavers.org/
接着有一位叫Amy Gross的提到她在匹兹堡（美国宾西法尼亚州西南部城市，是美国的钢铁工业中心），曾经有一个类似的项目，但是只是关于西红柿的，可惜她没有进一步提供任何链接。
Miranda Shephard 则分享了一个英国的网站http://fifediet.co.uk/
其实我也没太搞懂这个网站是干嘛的。里面有一个seed truck的项目，意思是种子搬运车？
这个项目持续三年，从2012年到2015年，虽然看了视频可是还是有点似懂非懂。大意就是说组成了一个车队，成员有园丁，厨师，艺术家，朴门设计师等，这些人捣鼓一些讲座和工作坊，都是和粮食主权相关的。其实确实没太懂，还有待研究。
http://fifediet.co.uk/seedtruck/
这个网站也有一些其他文章，比如如何在临近找到适合的食物之类。
从这个网站的LOGO可以看到一句有意思的话：think global,eat local.
全球化地思考，本地化地饮食。
因着这句话，又搜到了一个可爱清新的网站，是一个面向中小学生的项目。
http://eathink2015.org/en/
对以上的林林总总做一个简单的小结
1、粮食主权，是一个更高的高度，已经有点超越了日常生活的角度，比较看重的一种系统的平衡，或者是说一种生态系统里面的公平元素。涉及的概念有点多。
2、在公民参与和公民行动上，相对而言发达国家有一些非营利组织可以提供公民参与的平台和做一些倡导。不过相信即便是在发达国家，也仅仅是一种补充。食品安全是全球共同的忧虑，再进一步才是粮食主权。
3、在中国国内，也有一些人在做寻找老种子和保护老种子的工作。从保持物种多样性的角度，肯定是有意义的。但是是不是老的种子就是“好”的，这个“好”究竟如何定义，倒不是那么容易下结论的。
4、现在被滥用的一个词“有机”，其实这个词背后也是面临很大挑战，大多数人认为有机就是纯天然无污染，没有“黑心农户”滥用农药之类。有机农业（Organic Agriculture）固然是指在生产中完全或基本不用人工合成的肥料、农药、生长调节剂和畜禽饲料添加剂，而采用有机肥满足作物营养需求的种植业，或采用有机饲料满足畜禽营养需求的养殖业。但是如果思考的角度再加上人口，再加上客观上的自然资源（水，空气，土壤），再加上实际上有机是一套认证标准普通小农根本无法承担认证。
所以个人的观点是有机农业，或者退一步来说的生态农业固然可取。
但非有机，非生态农业，如果使用的农药在可控范围内，个人认为是不需要背负上无谓的道德谴责的，毕竟植物不是今天种下去明天就能收获的，植物生长的过程中也不大可能完全不得病，而基础的水空气和土壤又面临越来越多的结构化的问题。如果有人以情怀或道德制高的观点来和我谈论有机，起码是很难打动我的。
但这也仅仅是我个人观点。
不管怎样，这是一道人和天地应该如何相处的命题，没有标准答案。
附《讨论原文》
In urban environment, in my country Estonia, it is more of a problem when You compare to situation in the rural areas, where people are still used to growing much of their own food. Yet, there are several networks and initiatives established to create direct contacts between farmers and citizens. For example, OTT is a network that has databases of farmers and people who organise the food distiribution in certain city parts etc. So You order your groceries directly from a farmer (on the Internet) and on agreed date the goods are either delivered in your doorstep or you can agree that You pick them up every certain day in from of the nearest supermarket. Also, in areas, where there a houses with gardens, people grow some food for themselves and have small pots of herbs etc. on their windowsills. More directs contact between the producer and the buyer is the key. Shorter supply chains enable more independence. One more detail, not specifically asked in the assignment,but collecting local, old sort seeds is one particular task we should be involved in :) The explanation would be longer but in short, there is a heritage reason behind it, not only emotional, but linked to the deeper connection between the Land and People, living on that particular geographical spot.
下面是其他学生的回应
I like your idea of a seed bank that would connect people more directly with the food they grow and eat and have a heritage rationale too. I also think that shorter food chains between farmer and consumer would make the issue better. However, in the US, we have these mega-food industrial complexes that have taken over much of the growing of our food (a lot of individual farmers just grow for these large industrial complexes now and sell to them). These industrial complexes through their partners and distributors dictate to the large grocery stores such as Walmart or Target as what kinds of food, what form and at what prices. (See an account of this by Wenonah Hauter, "Foodopoly") So I think smaller and less developed countries are actually better off in some ways than highly industrialized and western countries like mine.
"Sustainable Berea," which is a community organization in Berea, Kentucky, U.S., has led the way in initiating several creative projects around food. For example, they had a "seed library" (yes, I know it is a misnomer) throught which people could 'check out' seeds. The information about the seeds that were taken was recorded. The agreement was that we would plant the seeds (multiple varieties), keep data on how well they produced, and save seeds from the new plants. Then we returned some of the new seeds back to the library to repay them.
Emily, that is a great project! I hope it can be maintained and help a lot of farmers.
In Europe, there are great discuccions going on about whether it is right to be able to patent seeds (ergo life), and a lot of people are fighting against thebig companies that want to patent their seeds (the last court decisions was on watermelons, I believe). Another problem is that there are legislations, which dictate the size and form of a fruit/vegetable to be able to sell it in supermarkets etc. So farmers stop growing a traditional, more diverse sorf of potato or cucumber and settle on the ones which have been slightly modified to grow more uniformely.
Emily! thank you for mentioning your seed library as it triggered a memory around the non-profitSeedSavers Exchange(链接到外部网站。)which is part of the Driftless Region in which I live (but on the other side of the Mississippi River in Iowa). They offer an inspiring (and artisan) Heritage Farm, and the opportunity to purchase & share seeds, as well as workshops. The organization grew out of a small local effort, the story can be heardhere(链接到外部网站。). It is a beautiful story of how simple it can be to facilitate biodiversity.
The import & efficacy of seed banks is further illustrated bythis story(链接到外部网站。)about a clay vessel uncovered in Wisconsin on an archaeological dig, which held seeds that were 800 years old. The squash was regrown by students in Winnipeg, bringing back a squash that was thought to be extinct. Yay for seed banks new & old!
Seedsavers exchange project is very interesting and great one. I really liked this. Today in this industrialized world every multi cooperation are gaining monopoly over seeds by having patent rights. This phenomenon has led our poor subsistence farmers to get access to seeds.
However, in my own country wave of globalization in terms of agriculture is yet to come. Farmers preserve their old seeds and they share among themselves harmoniously.
We used to have a similar program here in Pittsburgh, PA on a much smaller scale; ours was started by a local newspaper editor/gardening enthusiast and it focused solely on tomatoes. The program was interesting because the returned seeds would often yield new varieties of tomatoes.
Interesting to hear an Estonian perspective!
Hi Rea, I like the idea of collecting and then sharing seed is really interesting. Here's a lnk to a project that ran in Scotland called the Seed Truck which did exactly that, unfortunately as with many funding projects it was only funded for 3 years.
http://fifediet.co.uk/category/seed-truck/(链接到外部网站。)
Can you share the web site on the establishment of the contact between farmers and citizens of the site，THX
Very interesting as in US cities we are reverting to these ways in the form of urban farming, farmer's markets (farmers bring their products into the city for sale), and household gardening. Likewise, it is becoming increasingly prevalent in rural areas to see households developing their own food products so as to lower feeding costs and to have access to fresh, organic food stuffs.
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李丽琼 记于2016年2月23日
