经济学人精读 The Economist [48]
选自| January 06 2018 Business | 商业板块
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加拿大对私企的宽松政策助长了洗钱活动。其中一个明显的问题是，缺乏要求确定财产的实际所有者(或受益所有人)的规定，包括房地产。这可能会使得通过房地产进行洗钱的活动有机可乘。虽然加拿大政府已在2000年通过了反洗钱法，指导银行，证券经纪人，人寿保险公司和其他经融机构，用“合理的方式”去鉴别和他们有生意往来的公司的所有人， 并且尽全力搜集所有交易对方的信息，但是，这样也远远不够。此外，另一个弊端在于， 加拿大司法权在国家和地方政府的分裂，使得只有十分之一的加拿大公司在国家级注册。这使得任何改变规范的协议，都必须在各省是怎样定义收益所有人和怎样搜集这样信息的不同做法之间进行调解。所以，当加拿大联邦政府，十个省份和三个地区的财政部长在上个月会面讨论这个问题的时候，他们除了同意鼓励公司记录他们最终所有人，并且准备好在需要时提供给官方之外，在如何解决这一问题上没有任何其他进展。
#以上，个人总结和理解，欢迎批评指正，欢迎留言讨论
#有输出才有进步
Money-laundering in Canada[加拿大洗钱活动]
Snow-washing[Eva没有想出标题的合理翻译和解释，欢迎留言说出你的想法💡]
Loose rules on private-company formation are aiding money-launderers[私企成立的宽松政策助长了洗钱活动]
When reports surfaced[公开]in 2016 of foreign students with no known income buying homes worth millions of dollars in Vancouver, locals said it was yet more evidence that foreigners were inflating prices in Canada’sdearestproperty market[当2016年有报告公开，没有已知收入的外国学生在温哥华购买价值上百万的住宅时，当局声称仍有更多的证据显示，外国人正在使加拿大最贵的房地产市场价格膨胀]. It was also evidence of a homegrown[本国的] problem[这同样是一个本国问题的证据]. The students turned out to be figureheads[傀儡]for anonymous firms whose ultimate owners cannot be identified because the information is not legally required by the land registry[那些学生证实是一些匿名公司的傀儡，而这些公司最终的拥有者无法确认，因为这些信息不是土地局合法获得的]. Canadian authorities are concerned about the abuses caused by such opacity[不透明][加拿大当局很担心由这样的不透明引起的权力滥用]. The property market may well be attracting foreign criminals and corrupt officials seeking to launder dirty money[非法钱财], notes David Eby, the attorney-general of British Columbia[房地产市场可能会吸引外国罪犯分子和寻求洗钱的腐败官员，DE，英属哥伦比亚省总检察长说到].
Other countries have taken steps to make sure that anonymous ownership of firms does not help criminals[其他国家已经采取措施，确保匿名的公司所有人无法帮助犯罪分子]. In 2014 G20 leaders agreed to make the ultimate ownership of legal entities more transparent[2014年，G20领导人同意让合法企业的最终所有人更加透明]. Britain, for example, set up a searchable, public database of beneficial or ultimate owners of all firms, limited-liability partnerships and Societas Europaea (firms based and regulated in the European Union as a whole)[例如，英国建立了一种可以查找的公开的包含全部公司，有限责任合伙人和欧洲股份公司（欧盟作为一个整体管理和规范的公司）的受益人或最终所有人的数据库]. All EU states will eventually have to do the same under a 2015 anti-money-laundering directive[所有欧盟国家将最终会在2015年反洗钱规范下采取同样的措施].
With not a palm tree in sight and a reputation for being boringly well-run, Canada is an unlikely haven for crooks[诈骗犯]and tax avoiders[视野范围内看不到一个棕榈树，同时有一个闷不作声地经营良好的名声，加拿大不可能是诈骗犯和避税者的天堂]. But it has long had a reputation as a place to snow-wash money[但是加拿大却长期有着洗钱之地的名声]. In 2009 the national police force estimated that up to C$15bn ($12bn) was being laundered in the country each year (an estimated annual $2trn is laundered globally)[2009年，国家警察署估计每年在加拿大的洗钱数量多达150亿加币（120亿美元）（全球每年的洗钱数量约有2万亿美元）]. One attraction is that establishing a company is so easy— tougher[严厉的]identity checks are required to get a library card than to form a private firm, as Jon Allen of Transparency International Canada noted before aparliamentary committeein December[吸引力之一在于成立一家公司太容易了——办一张图书馆卡的身份检查都要比成立一家私人企业要严厉的多，加拿大国际透明组织的JA于11月在议会委员会中提到].
Not all corporate ownership is opaque[不是所有企业的所有人都是不透明的]. Publicly traded firms are subject to[遭受承受]securities laws which require major shareholders to be disclosed[上市公司受到证券法的约束，需要公开其主要股东]. The problem lies with firms that are not listed on a stock exchange[问题出在不在股票交易市场的公司]. Ananti-money-laundering law passed in 2000 directs banks, securities dealers, life-insurance firms and other financial entities to make“reasonable efforts” to identify the owners of firms they do business with;left to carry the load, they do their best to collect information on all counterparties, but it is not enough[2000年通过的反洗钱法指导银行，证券经纪人，人寿保险公司和其他经融机构，用“合理的方式”去鉴别和他们做生意的公司的所有人；他们不仅承担了这项任务，并且尽全力搜集所有交易对方的信息，但是，这样也远远不够].
A review in2016 of Canada by the Financial Action Task Force, anintergovernmental body set up in 1989 to combat[打击，制止]moneylaundering, concluded that only a fraction of the country’s 2.5m legalentities “had accuracy checks performed with respect to[关于]beneficial ownership”[财务行动特别组织，一家在1989年成立的政府间的打击洗钱的机构，在2016年审查了加拿大，得出的结论是，在这个国家的250万个合法实体中，仅有一小部分“对利益所有人做了准确的检查”]. It also catalogueda wide range of ways in which Canadian front companies [傀儡组织，掩护机构]were being used topurchase assets, including property, or to move money in and out of the country“ to layer and legitimise unexplained sources of income”[这个机构将加拿大傀儡组织广泛使用的方式进行了归类，包括购买资产，包含房地产的方式，将钱从国家移进移出到分层并合法化为无法解释的收入来源的方式].
Political and legal authorities increasingly recognise a need for change, but progress has been glacial[政治和法律部分已经严重认识到了改变的需求，但是进展缓慢]. When finance ministers from the federal government, the ten provinces and three territories met to discuss the issue last month, they went no further than agreeing to encourage firms to keep a record of their ultimate owners, ready to give to authorities if they request it[当来自于联邦政府，十个省份和三个地区的财政部长在上个月会面讨论这个问题的时候，他们同意鼓励公司记录他们最终所有人，并且准备好在需要时提供给官方，除此之外，没有任何进展]. Part of the problem is that jurisdiction[司法权]is split between national and sub-national governments, withonly a tenth of Canada’scompanies incorporated at the national level[部分的问题是在于司法权在国家和地方政府的分裂，使得只有十分之一的加拿大公司在国家级注册]. Any agreement to change the rules has to reconcile[调解]differences in how provinces define beneficial ownership and collect such information[任何改变规范的协议，都必须在各省是怎样定义收益所有人和怎样搜集这样信息的不同做法之间进行调解].
Canada’sexisting money-laundering and terrorist-financing legislation also contains a gaping hole:lawyers are not covered, because they successfully argued in court that turning over such information violated solicitor-client privilege[加拿大现存的洗钱和恐怖主义融资立法也同样存在漏洞：律师是没有被约束的，因为他们在法庭中成功的辩论，提交这些信息侵犯了律师和客户的特权]. One Ontario lawyerbragged[吹嘘]to a policeundercoveragent[警察秘密机构]in 2002 that this victory meant it was 20 times safer for a lawyer to launder money in Canada than in the United States—not the sort of contrast that the Great White Northrelishes[期盼][在2002年，一名安大略的律师向一个警察秘密机构吹嘘说，这个辩护的胜利意味着一个律师在加拿大洗钱要比在美国洗钱安全20倍——并不是那种伟大的白色北方（指加拿大）所期望看到的反差对比].
Jan 13 | 658 words
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