摘录自纳瓦尔播客2021年10月 20日
基因进化是模因进化的前奏 Genetic Evolution Was a Prelude to Memetic Evolution
想法（创意）经历的是与基因进化一样的过程 Ideas undergo the same evolutionary process as genes
布雷特： 波普尔有一本书叫《客观知识》，副标题是“进化方法”，这也不是偶然的。认识论理论和我们所理解的进化论之间存在对称性。
Brett: Popper has a book called “Objective Knowledge,” and it’s subtitled “An Evolutionary Approach.” And that’s no accident, either. There’s a symmetry between the theory of epistemology and the theory of evolution as we understand it.
在我们理解所谓的达尔文进化论之前，人们唯一的想法是必须创造这些实体。你在周围看到的所有植物和动物都必须是由创造者创造的，当时没有其他解释机制。
Before we understood what is known as the Darwinian theory of evolution, the only idea that people had was that these entities had to be created. All the plants and animals that you see around you had to be created by a creator. There was no other explanatory mechanism.
有些人提出了随着时间的推移逐渐改变了想法，拉马克就是其中之一。他的想法是长颈鹿脖子长的原因是它们的祖先脖子稍短，所以它们尝试伸展脖子以够到它们够不到叶子。
Some people came up with the idea of gradual change over time.Lamarck was one. His idea was the reason why giraffes have long necks is that their ancestors had slightly shorter necks, so they tried to stretch their necks to reach the leaves they couldn’t reach.
但同样的，没有任何解释机制：除非一个人去体育馆锻炼他们的二头肌，随着时间的推移，他们的二头肌会变大一点。虽然您可以在健身房锻炼并增加二头肌的大小，但这并不意味着您的孩子会直接继承这些特征。
But again, there was no mechanism for this beyond the fact that an individual goes off to the gymnasium and works on their biceps and their biceps get a little bigger over time. Although you can work out in the gym and increase the size of your biceps, that doesn’t mean your children are going to inherit those characteristics.
达尔文提出的想法与波普尔的知识相似，这是在纠错。这个想法是，一个生物体会在特定的环境中进行自我测试，如果它不适合那个环境，那么它就会死亡（消失）。但如果它适合那种环境，那么它就会生存下来。
What Darwin came up with is a similar idea to what Popper had in knowledge. It was an error correction. The idea is that an organism would trial itself out in a particular environment and if it wasn’t, as we say, fit for that environment, then it would die off. But if it was fit in that environment, then it would survive.
所以有了你与生物体和环境之间的现实相遇，正是环境给了你来自现实的反馈，并摧毁了那些不适合生存的有机体。
So you have this encounter with reality between living organisms and the environment. And it’s the environment that’s giving you feedback from reality and destroying those organisms that aren’t fit enough to survive.
新达尔文主义的观点给我们提供了进行选择的因素是什么，这不是群体; 它甚至不是个人，这是基因。这是理查德·道金斯（Richard Dawkins）提出的自私的基因的认知，他说，如果这些基因中的任何一个碰巧不适合特定环境，就可能导致该生物体的死亡。该物种可能会存活下来，但随着时间的推移，它的整个 DNA 会随着环境的变化而微妙地发生改变。
The Neo-Darwinist view is to give us what the unit of selection is. It’s not the group or the herd; it’s not even the individual. It’s the gene. It’s the selfish gene idea, which comes to us from Richard Dawkins, who says if any one of those genes happens to be not fit for the particular environment, that could cause the death of that organism. The species might survive, but its entire DNA will ever so subtly change over time as the environment changes.
现在我们已经升级了这一点。同样的道理，我们人类是进化过程的下一步，我们可以创造解释性知识。多伊奇喜欢说：“基因进化只是一个前奏，接下来是模因进化。
Now we have leveled that up. We human beings are the next step in that evolutionary process where we can create explanatory knowledge, which does the same thing. Deutsch likes to say, “Genetic evolution was merely a prelude. What’s coming next is memetic evolution.”
从现在开始，宇宙的历史将是思想的历史，经历与过去基因一致的进化过程。
The history of the universe from here on out is going to be the history of ideas undergoing the same evolutionary process as the genes did previously.
马丽：因为需要适应大自然环境，过去人类由基因主导，不断进化适应自然界得以生存和延续到今天。未来，可能是由思想的模因进化迭代去适应星际、甚至反向训化（改变）客观存在的大自然、太虚、星际，如今天的愚公移山、精卫填海、人工降雨、跨越山海的飞机、宇宙飞船、火箭、太空舱等。未来，思想、思维是牢笼，如果思想遨游，在有限的百岁人生经历和记忆中，我们的世界会更加广阔、具备无限可能性。
