二十四节气-24 Solar Terms
春: 立春 the Beginning of Spring (1st solar term)Feb.3,4, or 5 ("立"是开始的意思,立春就是春季的开始。)
雨水 Rain Water (2nd )Feb.18,19 or 20 (降雨开始,雨量渐增。)
惊蜇 the Waking of Insects (3rd )Mar.5,6, or 7(蛰是藏的意思。惊蛰指春雷乍动,惊醒了蛰伏在土中冬眠的动物。)
春分 the Spring Equinox (4th )Mar.20,21 or 22("分"是平分的意思。春分表示昼夜平分。Equinox是天文学上的昼夜平分点的意思。equi-就是表示“相等”的前缀)
清明 Pure Brightness (5th )Apr.4,5 or 6 (天气晴朗,草木繁茂。)
谷雨 Grain Rain (6th )Apr.19,20 or 21 (雨生百谷。雨量充足而及时,谷类作物能茁壮成长。)
夏: 立夏 the Beginning of Summer (7th )May 5,6 or 7 (夏季的开始。)
小满 Lesser Fullness of Grain (8th)May 20,21 or 22 (麦类饱满。)
芒种 Grain in Beard (9th )Jun.5,6 or 7 (麦类成熟。ear在这里是“穗”的意思)
夏至 the Summer Solstice (10th )Jun.21 or 22 (炎热的夏天来临。solstice是天文学上的至日、至点的意思。“夏至”也是一年中白昼最长的一天。)
小暑 Lesser Heat (11th )Jul.6,7 or 8 (“暑”是炎热的意思。小暑就是气候开始炎热。)
大暑 Greater Heat (12th)Jul.22,23 or 24 (一年中最热的时候。)
秋: 立秋 the Beginning of Autumn (13th )Aug.7,8 or 9(秋季的开始。)
处暑 the End of Heat (14th)Aug.22,23 or 24("处"是终止、躲藏的意思。处暑是表示炎热的暑天结束)
白露 White Dew (15th)Sep.7,8 or 9(天气转凉,露凝而白。)
秋分 the Autumn Equinox (16th )Sep.22,23 or 24(昼夜平分。)
寒露 Cold Dew (17th )Oct.8 or 9(露水以寒,将要结冰。)
霜降 Frost‘s Descent (18th )Oct.23 or 24(天气渐冷,开始有霜。)
冬: 立冬 the Beginning of Winter (19th )Nov.7 or 8(冬季的开始。)
小雪 Lesser Snow (20th )Nov.22 or 23(开始下雪。)
大雪 Greater Snow (21th )Dec.6,7 or 8(降雪量增多,地面可能积雪。)
冬至 the Winter Solstice (22th)Dec.21,22 or 23(寒冷的冬天来临。“冬至”也是天文学上一年中白昼最短的一天)
小寒 Lesser Cold (23th )Jan.5,6 or 7(气候开始寒冷。)
大寒 Greater Cold (24th )Jan.20 or 2(一年中最冷的时候。)
“二十四节气——中国人通过观察太阳周年运动而形成的时间知识体系及其实践”入选联合国教科文组织《人类非物质文化遗产代表名录》(Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity).
UNESCO官网上关于这一中国传统古代文化的介绍:
中国古人将太阳周年运动轨迹划分为24等份,每一等份为一个“节气”。
The ancient Chinese divided the sun’s annual circular motion into 24 segments. Each segment was called a specific ‘Solar Term’.
二十四节气形成于黄河流域,以观察这一区域的天象、气温、降水和物候的时序变化为基准,逐步为全国各地所采用。
The element of Twenty-Four Solar Termsoriginated in the Yellow River reaches of China. The criteria for its formulation were developed through the observation of changes of seasons, astronomy and other natural phenomena in this region and has been progressively applied nationwide.
二十四节气始于立春,终于大寒,周而复始,是中国人世代相传的生产和日常生活的时间指南,对指导农民的农事活动尤为重要。
It starts from the Beginning of Spring and ends with the Greater Cold, moving in cycles. The element has been transmitted from generation to generation and used traditionally as a timeframe to direct production and daily routines. It remains of particular importance to farmers for guiding their practices.
二十四节气被标注在通用日历中,为中国民众广泛使用,并为多民族共享。中国的一些仪式和节庆也与二十四节气息息相关,如壮族霜降节、九华立春祭等。
Having been integrated into the Gregorian calendar, it is used widely by communities and shared by many ethnic groups in China. Some rituals and festivities in China are closely associated with the Solar Terms for example, the First Frost Festival of the Zhuang People and the Ritual for the Beginning of Spring in Jiuhua.
(注:Gregorian calendar就是我们常说的“公历”,关于中国的“农历”,还有一个说法,叫做Chinese Agricultural Calendar,也很形象,因为这是与中国老百姓进行农业劳作息息相关的日历。)
二十四节气也被编入一些谣谚中。
The terms may also be referenced in nursery rhymes, ballads and proverbs.
这一遗产项目的多种功能增强了其作为一种非物质文化遗产的存续力,并使其持续为社区的文化认同做贡献。
These various functions of the element have enhanced its viability as a form of intangible cultural heritage and sustain its contribution to the community’s cultural identity.
非遗的考评标准之一,就是要查看该项目对于今天当地人民的生活是否仍然存在影响力,以及政府做了哪些努力来保护这些文化遗产。
在我们的申报材料中,也提到了一些关于二十四节气与我们当今普通生活息息相关的例子。
例如:
1. 绿茶的明前茶和雨前茶的区别
The tradition of measuring the quality of the produce through the solar terms has deep roots among the people. Tea picked before Fresh Green and the one picked before Grain Rain are respectively called “Green tea picked before Fresh Green" and “Green tea picked between Fresh Green and Grain Rain,” both are considered rare tea.
2. 人们依然保留了一些传统节日的纪念习俗,比如清明节祭祖、安仁春分节、三门祭冬等等。 Communities hold rituals and folk activities, such as worship of ancestors on Fresh Green, the Spring Equinox Fair in Anren County, Winter Worship in Sanmen County, etc., which play a significant role in the enhancement of their cultural identity and cohesion.
3. 清明节被定为国家法定假日。In 2007, the State Council declared Fresh Green, one of the Twenty-four Solar Terms, national holiday; this decision took effect in 2008.
赫拉利的《人类简史》里提到,过去,人类曾依靠太阳能的2个变化周期来指导自己的生产生活,一天中的白天与黑夜交替,以及一年中的四季变幻。人们日出而作日落而息,根据四季变化安排春耕、夏种、秋收、冬藏。
而这二十四节气,正凝聚着中国古代人民智慧的结晶,用一种日历的方式,将人们的农业生产活动与太阳的变化活动联系起来。如今看来,不由得对古人的智慧表示赞叹!