L4-U2-P1-1 Listening : Extinction Events 1 灭绝事件1
The Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago.
地球大约在46亿年前形成。
The first life appeared about a billion years later.
大约10亿年后，最初的生命出现了。
The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.
直到大约20亿年前，第一批植物才出现。
Until about 580 million years ago, life forms were small and microscopic.
直到大约5.8亿年前，生命形式还都很微小，需要借助显微镜才能看到。
Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species.
从那以后，生命已经进化成了许多不同的类型，或者说物种。
However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.
然而，科学家估计，其中超过99%的物种现在已经灭绝了。
Until about 580 million years ago ，life forms were small and microscopic .
直到大约5.8亿年前，生命形式都还很微小，需要借助显微镜才能看到。
Since that time, life has evolved into many different types, or species.
从那以后，生命已经进化成了许多不同的类型，或者说物种。
When did the first plants first appear on Earth? -The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.
地球上第一批植物是什么时候首次出现的？——直到大约20亿年前，第一批植物才出现。
There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.
在地球的历史上，曾发生过几次物种灭绝事件。
In an extinction event many life forms, or species of life, die out.
在一次物种灭绝事件中，许多生命形式，或者说生命物种，会灭绝。
The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries.
大规模物种灭绝事件的原因是未解之谜。
These events are not predictable and can happen at any time.
这些事件是不可预测的，而且可能在任何时候发生。
Scientists think that some of them were started by asteroid impacts or volcanic eruptions.
科学家认为，其中一些事件是由小行星撞击或火山爆发引发的。
Events like these can change the global conditions that life depends on.
像这样的事件可以改变生命赖以生存的全球环境条件。
What is an asteroid impact? - It's when an asteroid collides with something.
什么是小行星撞击？——就是一颗小行星与某个物体相撞的情况。
There have been several extinction events in the history of the Earth.
在地球的历史上，曾发生过几次物种灭绝事件。
One major extinction event happened about 66 million years ago.
大约6600万年前发生了一次重大的物种灭绝事件。
That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.
那次事件可能是由一颗撞击地球的大型小行星引发的。
As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of all species on the planet died out.
结果，恐龙以及地球上大约一半的物种都灭绝了。
When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events.
当小行星撞击地球时，它引发了一连串的事件。
A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.
一连串的事件是一系列像链条一样相互关联的事件。
What may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs? - An asteroid hit the Earth and started a chain of events.
是什么可能导致了恐龙的灭绝？——一颗小行星撞击了地球并引发了一连串的事件。
That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the Earth.
那次事件可能是由一颗撞击地球的大型小行星引发的。
A chain of events is a series of events linked together, like a chain.
一连串的事件是一系列像链条一样相互关联的事件。
This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.
这一连串特定的事件是在数月乃至数年的时间里发生的。
When the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.
当小行星撞击地球时，它导致一大团尘埃进入了大气层。
This cloud of the dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.
这团尘埃遮住了太阳，使地球在许多个月里都处于黑暗之中。
Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.
由于没有足够的阳光，植物和食草动物很快就死亡了。
With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.
随着这么多植物和动物的死亡，食物链崩溃了。
This led to the deaths of many more species.
这导致了更多物种的死亡。
This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.
这团尘埃遮住了太阳，使地球在许多个月里都处于黑暗之中。
What may have darkened the Earth for many months? -This cloud of the dust blocked the sun and darkened the Earth for many months.
是什么可能使地球在许多个月里都处于黑暗之中？——这团尘埃遮住了太阳，使地球在许多个月里都处于黑暗之中。
This particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.
这一连串特定的事件是在数月乃至数年的时间里发生的。
Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.
大规模物种灭绝事件在生命的进化过程中扮演了重要角色。
In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.
事实上，一些物种灭绝事件有助于加速进化。
For example, some mammals lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn't compete.
例如，一些哺乳动物在恐龙时代存活了下来，但它们无法与之竞争。
When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully.
当恐龙消失后，哺乳动物能够更成功地参与竞争。
Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.
一旦它们能够竞争，哺乳动物就进化到了更高的状态。
Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn't be here today.
如果没有物种灭绝事件，也许我们今天就不会存在。
What may have blocked the evolution of mammals? -Mammals couldn't compete successfully with the dinosaurs, so their evolution was blocked.
是什么可能阻碍了哺乳动物的进化？——哺乳动物无法成功地与恐龙竞争，所以它们的进化受到了阻碍。
Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.
一旦它们能够竞争，哺乳动物就进化到了更高的状态。
The first plants didn't appear until around 2 billion years ago.
直到大约20亿年前，第一批植物才出现。
Mass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution of life.
大规模物种灭绝事件在生命的进化过程中扮演了重要角色。
In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate evolution.
事实上，一些物种灭绝事件有助于加速进化。
L4-U2-P1-2 Listening : Extinction Events 2灭绝事件2
Scientists estimate that there have been at least 5 mass extinctions in the last 540 million years.
科学家估计，在过去的5.4亿年里，至少发生过5次大规模物种灭绝事件。
They also believe that we have entered a new extinction event.
他们还认为，我们已经进入了一个新的物种灭绝时期。
Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.
物种灭绝的速度比以往快得多。
Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions, the current event is the result of human activities.
与（以往由）小行星撞击或火山爆发（导致物种灭绝）不同，当前的（物种灭绝）事件是人类活动的结果。
Human activities, for example, have led to global warming.
例如，人类活动已经导致了全球变暖。
What is causing the current mass extinction event? -This new extinction event is caused by humans.
是什么导致了当前的大规模物种灭绝事件？——这次新的物种灭绝事件是由人类造成的。
Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere.
全球变暖是我们大气中碳气体含量增加的结果。
These gases trap heat from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.
这些气体截留了来自太阳的热量，所以地球正变得越来越暖和。
As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing.
结果，海平面正在上升，天气模式也在发生变化。
In addition, we humans are destroying the habitats of many plants and animals.
此外，我们人类正在破坏许多动植物的栖息地。
Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.
砍伐森林和污染河流破坏了许多生命形式的栖息地。
Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.
砍伐森林和污染河流破坏了许多生命形式的栖息地。
There is no longer any doubt that this is happening.
毫无疑问，这种情况正在发生。
Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.
生物物种正在以越来越快的速度消失。
Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.
全球气温正在上升，天气模式也在发生变化。
Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.
科学家们正在警告我们，为了拯救我们的未来，迅速采取行动是必要的。
If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.
如果我们不采取行动，我们可能会重蹈恐龙的覆辙。
If we don't act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.
如果我们不采取行动，我们可能会重蹈恐龙的覆辙。
Species of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.
生物物种正在以越来越快的速度消失。
L4-U2-P1-3 Vocabulary : Body Systems 身体系统
The body's circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels.
人体的循环系统包括心脏和血管。
The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network of arteries and veins.
心脏通过由动脉和静脉组成的网络将血液泵送到身体的各个部位。
The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body.
消化系统将食物分解并吸收进人体。
It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.
它为身体的生长和修复提供所需的能量。
After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.
消化之后，多余的食物会变成废物并排出体外。
The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves.
神经系统包括大脑、脊髓和神经。
This is your body's control system.
这是你身体的控制系统。
It controls your muscles and organs, including your circulatory and digestive system.
它控制着你的肌肉和器官，包括你的循环系统和消化系统。
The respiratory system includes the nose and lungs.
呼吸系统包括鼻子和肺。
It brings air and oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide.
它将空气和氧气带入体内，并排出二氧化碳。
The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is removed.
肺是氧气进入血液以及二氧化碳被排出的地方。
The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.
免疫系统保护身体免受感染和疾病的侵害。
Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.
打喷嚏和发烧是免疫系统工作方式的例子。
If an infection invades the body, the immune system attacks it.
如果感染侵入身体，免疫系统就会对其发起攻击。
The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart are called arteries .
将富含氧气的血液从心脏输送出去的血管被称为动脉。
After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.
消化之后，多余的食物会变成废物并排出体外。
The immune system protects the body against infections and diseases.
免疫系统保护身体免受感染和疾病的侵害。
Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune system works.
打喷嚏和发烧是免疫系统工作方式的例子。
L4-U2-P1-4 Vocabulary : Great Discoveries
伟大的发现
The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in colder climates.
对火的控制利用使人们能够烹饪食物，并在更寒冷的气候中生存下来。
Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.
火提供了照明，以便人们能够更长时间地工作和进行社交活动。
With the invention of agriculture, people could grow food and settle into communities.
随着农业的发明，人们能够种植粮食并在社区中定居下来。
By growing food, people could spend less time hunting, and more time for other things such as art.
通过种植粮食，人们可以减少狩猎的时间，而把更多时间花在诸如艺术之类的其他事情上。
The domestication of animals allowed people to raise and use animals for food and work.
对动物的驯化使人们能够饲养并利用动物获取食物和进行劳作。
By raising herds of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.
通过饲养像绵羊这样的畜群，人类有了稳定的肉类和衣物供应。
The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.
像马和牛等动物的力气被用于劳作和运输。
The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient manufacturing and construction.
工具和机器的发展带来了更高效的制造业和建筑业。
With better tools and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower costs.
有了更好的工具和机器，工作可以用更少的人力完成，并且成本要低得多。
The development of science and engineering has improved many things, including communications.
科学和工程学的发展改善了许多方面，包括通信领域。
With an understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distances.
随着对电的认识和了解，电话和收音机使人们能够进行远距离通信。
What allowed people to cook food? - The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food.
是什么让人们能够烹饪食物？——对火的控制利用使人们能够烹饪食物。
The controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in colder climates.
对火的控制利用使人们能够烹饪食物，并在更寒冷的气候中生存下来。
The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.
像马和牛等动物的力气被用于劳作和运输。
Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.
科学和工程学改变了我们相互交流的方式。
The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.
机器的使用减少了生产物品所需的人力数量。
Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.
火提供了照明，以便人们能够更长时间地工作和进行社交活动。
L4-U2-P1-5 Dialogue : Smartphone Addiction 智能手机成瘾
M: I took a vacation last night.
男：我昨晚“度了个假”。
W: What are you talking about? Where did you take your vacation?
女：你在说什么呀？你去哪儿“度假”了？
M: I didn't go anywhere. I just spent an evening without my smartphone.
男：我哪儿也没去。我只是度过了一个没有用智能手机的夜晚。
W: How was it?
女：感觉怎么样？
M: It was great. I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption. It was very peaceful.
男：感觉棒极了。我拿了一本真正的杂志，阅读的时候没有受到任何干扰。非常宁静惬意。
W: Yes, I haven't done that in a long time.
女：是啊，我已经很久没有这样做过了。
M: You know what? I'm beginning to hate smartphones.
男：你知道吗？我开始讨厌智能手机了。
W: Really? But you can't live without one, right?
女：真的吗？但你没有智能手机就活不下去，对吧？
M: Yes, that's the problem. These things are changing the way people live.
男：是的，这就是问题所在。这些东西正在改变人们的生活方式。
W: Yes, I just saw a documentary about that. A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.
女：是的，我刚看了一部关于这个的纪录片。一位丈夫向他的妻子抱怨说她花太多时间在智能手机上了。
M: What happened? Did they get a divorce?
男：后来怎么样了？他们离婚了吗？
W: You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.
女：你猜对了。最后，他们离婚了。
What happened to the couple? - In the end, they got a divorce.
这对夫妇发生了什么事？——最后，他们离婚了。
M: It's a bit ironic, don't you think? Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.
男：这有点讽刺，你不觉得吗？智能手机本应让人们更亲近，但却让人们变得疏远了。
W: Yes, you are right.
女：是的，你说得对。
M: Hey, just a minute. I've got a message on my smartphone, and it can't wait.
男：嘿，稍等一下。我的智能手机上收到一条信息，不能等了。
L4-U2-P1-6 Dialogue : Rude Boss 粗鲁的老板
B: Hey, wake up and get back to work. What's wrong with you?
老板：嘿，醒醒，回去工作。你怎么了？
E: I'm on my break sir, and I have a bad headache.
员工：我在休息呢，先生，而且我头疼得厉害。
B: Well, we're not paying you to sleep. If you're going to sleep, sleep someplace else.
老板：嗯，我们给你发工资可不是让你来睡觉的。要是你想睡觉，去别的地方睡。
E: Yes, sir. Sorry, it won't happen again.
员工：好的，先生。对不起，不会再发生这种事了。
B: You had better not.
老板：你最好别再犯。
How does the manager treat the employee? - in a threatening manner
经理是怎么对待员工的呢？——以一种威胁的方式
E: Just a minute. Don't talk to me like that.
员工：等一下。别用那样的语气跟我说话。
B: What did you say?
老板：你说什么？
E: You hurt me. You don't have to treat people like that.
员工：你伤到我了。你没必要那样对待别人。
B: Well, if you don't like it, I suggest you leave.
老板：嗯，要是你不喜欢这样，我建议你走人。
E: OK, I will. I've had enough of you. I'll get a job somewhere else.
员工：好的，我会的。我受够你了。我会在别的地方找到工作的。
How does the employee feel? - angry
员工感觉怎么样？——生气
