Brain injuries are startlingly common among those who have committed crimes
罪犯中,脑部受伤的人数奇高
Kim Gorgens, a neuropsychologist at the University of Denver, reckons that between 50% and 80% of prisoners and those on parole in America have brain injuries.
丹佛大学神经心理学家金姆·戈尔根斯估算,在美国,囚犯以及被假释的罪犯当中,脑部受伤的人群比例在 50% 至 80% 之间。
Adrian Raine, a psychologist and criminologist at the University of Pennsylvania, is pretty convinced that there is a causal link. He points to research that follows people over time, as well as natural experiments in which otherwise law-abiding individuals suffer a brain injury and then display antisocial behaviour.
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家兼犯罪学家阿德里安·雷恩非常确信,两者之间存在因果关系。他提出了以下证明:在一些对实验对象长期追踪的研究及自然实验中,一些原本守法的个体在头部受伤后,会做出反社会行为。
People tend to associate traumatic brain injuries with sports such as American football, boxing and rugby. In fact they are more usually caused by falls, road-traffic accidents and fights. The front of the brain, where the frontal and temporal lobes are located, is often damaged. Higher emotions, such as compassion, seem to be concentrated there, as does conscious decision-making.
人们往往会把脑部的创伤与诸如美式足球、拳击和英式橄榄球等运动联系在一起。而事实上,脑部更常因跌倒、道路交通事故以及斗殴而受伤。脑部受伤时,其前部常会受损,大脑的额叶和颞叶便位于这一区域。像同情心这类更高级的情绪似乎集中在这里,此外,这一区域还掌管着(大脑的)理性决策行为。
Identifying those who need support could prevent people from drifting into crime. Mr Becroft, now New Zealand's children's commissioner, argues that children should be screened for brain injuries and other neuro-disabilities when they start secondary school to ensure that those who need help get it.
对那些需要帮助的人进行识别,可以防止他们滑入犯罪的泥潭。新西兰现任儿童事务部部长班克罗夫特先生主张,应该在孩子们上初中前,筛查他们的脑部是否受损或者患有其他神经系统疾病,以确保需要帮助的孩子获得援助。
Campaigners are also keen to prevent more brain injuries from happening in the first place. That might mean teaching parents about the risks, or encouraging people to wear helmets.
此外,活动家们还十分热切地想要从源头上避免更多的人脑部受伤。而这可能意味着要教授家长们相关的风险,或者鼓励人们戴头盔。
A report in 2016 by the Centre for Mental Health estimated that in Britain the cost of traumatic brain injury in a 15-year-old who goes on to offend is around £345,000.*** The cost to those affected — and society more widely — is incalculable.
2016 年(英国)心理健康中心发布的一项报告估计,在英国,治疗一位 15 岁的“未来罪犯”所患有的脑部创伤,需要花费约 34 万 5 千英镑。然而对那些(将)受到影响的人们,以及更广范的社会而言,这笔“费用”不可估量。
加入会员可查看
主编:夏天
品控:Pita
审核:大仔
重点词汇
startlingly
/ˈstɑːr.t̬əlɪŋ.li/
adv. 令人震惊地
相关词汇:startle(v. 吓(某人)一跳)
英文释义:to suddenly frighten sb.
例句:The students were startled by the teacher's return.
相关词汇:startling (adj. 令人震惊的)
搭配短语:a startling discovery
commit
/kəˈmɪt/
v. 犯(罪行)
搭配短语:to commit crimes
搭配短语:to commit suicide
reckon
/ˈrek.ən/
v. 估计,估算;认为,以为
近义词:estimate( 估计,估算);think(认为,以为)
例句:I reckon it is a nice movie.
on parole
处在假释中
相关词汇:parole(n. 假释)
文化补充:“假释”是一个专业的法律概念,指的是一种对罪犯的减刑措施。简单来说,它是指如果囚犯在监狱里表现良好,就可以提前出狱,不过附带的条件是,罪犯要保证出去之后会继续好好表现。
criminologist
/ˌkrɪm.əˈnɑː.lə.dʒɪst/
n. 犯罪学家
相关词汇:criminal(n. 罪犯)
词根词缀:-ologist(……学家)
causal
/ˈkɑː.zəl/
adj. 存在因果关系的
相关词汇:cause(n. 原因,起因)
搭配短语:a causal link between A and B(A 和 B 之间的因果关系)
point to
用某件事作为证明
英文释义:to use something as proof
例句:The lawyer is unable to point to anything that proves its case.
over time
经过一段较久的时间
相关拓展:over 在表示时间和距离时,都强调一种比较大的跨度。比如,今年五一我从上海飞去了海南度假,I stayed over there,这种跨省的距离就可以用 over。
otherwise
/ˈʌð.ɚ.waɪz/
adv. 原本应该……的;否则,不然
搭配短语:an otherwise totally black cat with a single white whisker
law-abiding
/ˈlɑː.əˌbaɪ.dɪŋ/
adj. 守法的
相关词汇:abide(v. 遵守)
近义词:obey(v. 遵守)
搭配短语:to abide by the law(遵守法律)
antisocial
/ˌæn.t̬iˈsoʊ.ʃəl/
adj. 反社会的
拓展发音:/ˌæn.t̬aɪˈsoʊ.ʃəl/
词根词缀:anti-(反对……的)
派生词:anti-war(adj. 反战的)
派生词:anti-discrimination(adj. 反歧视的)
tend
/tend/
v. 往往会;易于做某事
搭配短语:tend to do sth.
例句:People tend to need less sleep as they get older.
associate
/əˈsoʊ.ʃi.eɪt/
v. 联想,联系
搭配短语:associate A with B
近义表达:to make a connection between A and B
例句:Many people tend to associate wealth with freedom.
traumatic
/trɑːˈmæt̬.ɪk/
adj. 造成创伤的
相关词汇:trauma(n. 创伤)
搭配短语:physical / emotional trauma
compassion
/kəmˈpæʃ.ən/
n. 怜悯;同情
相关词汇:passion(n. 激情、热情)
词根词缀:com-(共同)
近义词:sympathy
词义辨析:compassion, sympathy
两个词的区别在于 compassion 的感受往往更深沉。
drift
/drɪft/
v.(人)不知不觉(做了某事);(物体)随着水流缓慢漂移;人漫无目地流浪、漂泊
例句:They drift into their current jobs.(v. 流浪、漂泊)
搭配短语:to drift into sleep(v. 不知不觉(做了某事))
screen
/skriːn/
v. 筛查(疾病);筛选,过滤
相关词汇:screen(n. 屏幕)
例句:They can screen out unwanted calls directly.(v. 筛选,过滤)
搭配短语:screen sb for sth.(v. 筛查(疾病))
keen
/kiːn/
adj. 渴望的,热切的
近义词:eager(adj. 热切的,渴望的)
搭配短语:a keen desire to learn
搭配短语:be keen to do sth.(热切地想要做某事)
offend
/əˈfend/
v. 违法,犯罪;冒犯
英文释义:to commit crimes
incalculable
/ɪnˈkæl.kjə.lə.bəl/
adj. 不可估量的
相关词汇:calculate(v. 计算)
搭配短语:treasures of incalculable value