Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast
Reflection in Teaching
【单词】
interaction：n. 互动，一起活动，合作，相互影响
reflective：adj. 反射的，反映的，反省性的，深思熟虑的
paucity：n. 少量，缺乏，不足
justify：v. 证明…有理，为…辩护
practising：adj. 在从事职业的，在从事活动的
void：adj. 无效的，空的，职位空缺的；n. 太空，空位，空隙，空虚感；v. 使无效，宣布作废，取消
drawn to：被吸引到，沉浸在
program：n. 程序，节目，计划，安排
sound：adj. 明智的，合理的；透彻的，全面的；完好的，未受伤的；睡眠酣畅的
objective：adj. 目标的，客观的
utilitarian：adj. 功利的，实用的，功利主义的
reveal：v. 揭露，泄露，显露
contributory：adj. 促成的，促进的，起作用的
considered：adj. 经过仔细考虑的，经过深思熟虑的，被尊重的
evaluate：v. 评价，估价，估计数值
in effect：有效，实际上，事实上
revise：v. 修订，修正，改变
facilitate：v. 帮助，促进，助长，使容易
collaborative：adj. 协作的，合作的
institute：v. 建立，制定，开始，着手
technician：n. 技师，技术人员
inconsistency：n. 不一致，不协调
defined：adj. 有定义的，明确的，清晰的
perceivable：adj. 可知觉的，可感知的
vulnerability：n. 脆弱性，易伤性，致命性
as oppose to：与……相对
externally：adv. 从/在外部
practical：adj. 实践的，实际的，可实现的
【长难句】
- This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.
这是合理的，因为人们认为反思的实践可以帮助老师们更加理性地对待他们的角色和从事的事业，并可以让他们能在教学准则中处理科学事实的缺乏和知识的不确定。
Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish –a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature.
They were concerned that many would be “drawn to these new, refreshing” conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge.
The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.
Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner.
They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being “utilitarian … and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection.”
他们起初认为参与研究的教师们太功利，并不是足够丰富和详细以促使系统反思的产生。
Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.
The teachers in the program described how they found it difficult to put aside the immediate demands of others in order to give themselves the time they needed to develop their reflective skills.
Support and encouragement were also required to help teachers in the program cope with aspects of their professional life with which they were not comfortable.
Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: “Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.”
Zeichner and Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher as a (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher as a technician, putting into practice the ideas of theirs.
More basic than the cultural issues is the matter of motivation.
Becoming a reflective practitioner requires extra work (Jaworski, 1993) and has only vaguely defined goals with, perhaps, little initially perceivable reward and the threat of vulnerability.
There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect – for example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.
【错题】
1.The word “justified” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. supported
B. shaped
C. stimulated
D. suggested
你的答案：C正确答案：A
【原文参考】
Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.
【解析】
justify: 以…为证明。A是支持；B是发展，成形；C是刺激；D是暗示，建议。 想到just有正义之意，所以A的support正确。原句说观点justify前面的东西。看下两者的内容，之前说老师们benefit from reflection，后面说reflective practice帮助了老师，所以两者的意思应该相同，也就是justify是正向词，BCD都是中性，所以都不对。
3.The word “flourish” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. continue
B. occur
C. succeed
D. apply
你的答案：B正确答案：C
【原文参考】
Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish –a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature.
【解析】
flourish: 繁盛，繁荣。A是继续；B是出现；C是成功；D是运用。所以C的succeed正确。原文说这两个人对调查有兴趣，调查是关于reflection在某些情况下怎么样的。这个单凭本句甚至是所在段落都不是很好猜，但全文都在说reflection很好，所以也应该是个好词，A继续B发生D应用申请都不靠谱。
9.The word “compelling” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. commonly held
B. persuasive
C. original
D. practical
你的答案：D正确答案：B
【原文参考】
Wildman and Niles make a summary comment: “Perhaps the most important thing we learned is the idea of the teacher-as-reflective-practitioner will not happen simply because it is a good or even compelling idea.”
【解析】
compelling: 引人注目的，令人信服的。A是通常持有的；B是有说服力的；C是原始的；D是实际的。所以persuasive有说服力的正确。原文说我们学到的最重要的东西是，不会仅仅因为这是一个好的注意，甚至是compelling的注意而发生。句中compelling和good之间是递进关系，所以应该是比好更好，ACD都无法表达这个意思。
13.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Wildman and Niles have conducted research on reflection in teaching
A.Through their work with Virginia teachers, Wildman and Niles proved conclusively that reflection, though difficult, benefits both teachers and students.
B.Wildman and Niles found that considerable training and practice are required to understand classroom events and develop the skills involved in reflection.
C.Wildman and Niles identified three principles that teachers can use to help themselves cope with problems that may arise as a result of reflection.
D.Wildman and Niles concluded that teachers need sufficient resources as well as the cooperation and encouragement of others to practice reflection.
E.There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of why teachers might want to reflect.
F.Whether teachers can overcome the difficulties involved in reflection may depend on the nature and intensity of their motivation to reflect.
你的答案：BCE正确答案：BDE
【解析】
该文结构在托福阅读中比较特殊，算是研究综述，主要介绍两个人对教育反思实践的研究。 首段说教育反思的重要性。 二段说W和N对于实施反思教育的条件的研究。 三段仍是对于实施反思教育的条件的研究，强调sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner。 四段继续三段，强调通过训练才能实现教育反思。 五段介绍W和N发现的实施教育反思的三原则：领导支持，时间空间，团队氛围。 末段说W和N强调困难，其他人的研究强调动机的重要。 引导句是对正篇文章的概括。
A（through）选项错，原文只是说reflection对老师有好处，跟学生无关，不选。 B（Wildman and Niles found）选项对应原文第四段，正确。 C（Wildman and Niles identify）选项似乎对应五段，具有一定迷惑性，原文强调团队，强调领导支持，没说个人可以搞定，所以这个选项错，不选。 D（Wildman and Niles conclude）选项对应原文第五段的三个principal，正确。 E（There are）选项对应原文第六段两个部分内容，正确。 F（Whether）选项似乎对应原文六段后半段，但原文只说到motivation, 没说到nature 和intensity,不选。
