1. Another assumption short of legitimacy is the casual relationship claimed between ... and ...

2. Another reasoning error is ...

3. Given that ..., the author made a premature conclusion.

4. Not only does the author fail to ..., but also he fails to ...

5. The arguer assumes that ... . However, no evidence is provided to support this assumption. We are only informed that ...

6. The arguer fails to consider / acknowledge that ...表示要考虑增加的因素

7. The arguer fails to exclude / rule out / eliminate other possibilities / factors

that ....表示有其他 因素干涉逻辑

8. The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between the fact that ... and the assumption / assertion / conclusion that ...

9. The arguer overemphasizes the importance of ...

10. The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficient to validate the assumption that ....

11.The evidence can not lead to / support the claim / assumption / assertion that

相关逻辑词汇总结–承上启下

•In the first place/in the second place/in the third place

•First of all/in addition/finally

•To begin with/furthermore/last but not least

•Most obviously/in addition/finally

•The major problem with this argument is

that…/another problem that undermines the logic of

this argument is that/before I come to my conclusion,

it is necessary to point out another flaw that

undermine the argument.

相关逻辑词汇总结–假设

•if/even if

•given that/granted that

•only when

•unless

•in that case

•even so

•unless the arguer provides substantial evidence

regarding…, the assumption that… is

unfounded/problematic

相关逻辑词汇总结–推测

•it is possible that…

•it is equally possible that…

•another possibility is that…

•it is also likely that…

•possibly

•perhaps