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FutureTask 也可以做闭锁,它是 Future 和 callable 的结合体。所以我们有必要来了解 FutureTask 这个类。
FutureTask 的继承关系类图
先看 FutureTask 类的继承:
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>
它继承自 RunnableFuture,可以看出他是 Runnable 和 Future 的结合体。
public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
/**
* Sets this Future to the result of its computation
* unless it has been cancelled.
*/
void run();
}
我们熟悉的 Runnable 接口:
public interface Runnable {
public abstract void run();
}
不常见的Future 接口,用来获取异步计算结果:
public interface Future<V> {
/**
* Attempts to cancel execution of this task. This attempt will
* fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
* or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
* and this task has not started when {@code cancel} is called,
* this task should never run. If the task has already started,
* then the {@code mayInterruptIfRunning} parameter determines
* whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
* an attempt to stop the task.
*/
boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this task was cancelled before it completed
* normally.
*/
boolean isCancelled();//如果任务被取消,返回true
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this task completed.
*/
boolean isDone();//如果任务执行结束,无论是正常结束或是中途取消还是发生异常,都返回true。
/**
* Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
* retrieves its result.
*/
V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException; //获取异步执行的结果,如果没有结果可用,此方法会阻塞直到异步计算完成。
/**
* Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
* to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
*/
V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}
到这里,FutureTask 整个继承关系已经很清楚了。为了更直观一点,我用 starUML 画出它的类继承关系图。
在类关系图中,我们可以看到 FutureTask 的构造函数,包含了之前没有见过的类型:Callable<T>。我们直接看下它的两个构造函数实现,进一步了解看看:
//构造函数1
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
//构造函数2
public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
if (callable == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.callable = callable;
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
这里已经非常清楚了,最终都是赋值给 FutureTask 的内部变量 callable。它是一个接口,包含一个有返回值的函数 call()。
public interface Callable<V> {
/**
* Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
*
* @return computed result
* @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
*/
V call() throws Exception;
}
通过上面的讲解,我们已经知道 Future,FutureTask,Callable,Runnable的关系了。那么,说了这么多主要是想干嘛呢?
没错,主要就是为了线程执行完成后能够返回结果。我们知道,Runnable 接口执行完成后,是没法返回结果的。所以,我们如果想要能够返回执行的结果,必须使用 callable 接口。
应用场景
比如我们有个耗时的计算操作,现在创建一个子线程执行计算操作,主线程通过 FutureTask.get() 的方式获取计算结果,如果计算还没有完成,则会阻塞一直等到计算完成。
下面我们直接编写代码来实现上面的应用场景。
使用 Callable + FutureTask 获取执行结果:
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
public class FutureTaskTest{
//创建一个Future对象,并把Callable的实现传给构造函数
private static final FutureTask<Integer> future = new FutureTask<Integer>(new CallableTest());
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建一个线程
final Thread thread = new Thread(future);
//启动线程
thread.start();
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("Main thread is running");
//获取计算结果,会阻塞知道计算完毕
System.out.println("get the sub thread compute result : " + future.get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("main thread is end");
}
//实现Callable接口,耗时操作
static class CallableTest implements Callable<Integer>{
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
int ret = 0;
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("sub thread is computing");
for(int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
ret += i;
}
System.out.println("sub thread is finish compute");
return ret;
}
}
}
运行结果:
另外一种方式,是使用 Callable + Future + ExecutorService 的方式。ExecutorService继承自Executor,它的目的是为我们管理Thread对象,从而简化并发编程,Executor使我们无需显示的去管理线程的生命周期。
在ExecutorService接口中声明了若干个submit方法的重载版本:
<T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task);
<T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result);
Future<?> submit(Runnable task);
第一个submit方法里面的参数类型就是Callable。
示例如下:
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
public class FutureTaskTest{
public static void main(String[] args) {
//返回一个线程池,通常都和这种线程宽架搭配
ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
System.out.println("Main thread is running");
//提交给线程,返回一个Future类,并执行
Future<Integer> future = threadPool.submit(new CallableTest());
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
//获取计算结果,会阻塞知道计算完毕
System.out.println("get the sub thread compute result : " + future.get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("main thread is end");
}
//实现Callable接口,耗时操作
static class CallableTest implements Callable<Integer>{
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
int ret = 0;
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("sub thread is computing");
for(int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
ret += i;
}
System.out.println("sub thread is finish compute");
return ret;
}
}
}
执行结果
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