Groovy

Groovy 是一种带有可选类型系统的动态语言. 借助Groovy语言, 可以在需要强类型时得到类型系统的静态检查保障, 而在需要灵活性时, 享受到Duck Typing 的便利性.

在编写测试代码方面上, Groovy 的优势主要体现在optional syntax rule 和power assertion statement 两个方面上.

• optional syntax rule. 在Java 中强制的部分语法规则, 如分号, 变量类型, 访问修饰符,在Groovy 中都是可选的.

  • 对测试的影响: 跳过Java private 修饰符的封装性, 测试类可以读取被测试类的内部状态.

• power assertion statement. 提供了强大的多样化的assert.

  • 主要优势: 比Java 更有可读性, 且能够清晰地展示验证失败时的结果.

  • 例如, 在Java 中的断言语句:

    Assert.isTrue(foo.bar.equals("hello"));

    在Goovy 中可以写成这样:

    assert foo.bar == "hello".

    更进一步, 使用Spock 测试框架, 可以进一步简写为:

    expect:
    foo.bar == "hello"
    

Spock

Spock 集成了Junit, JMock 和RSpec 等测试框架的优势, 使开发者能够使用BDD DSL 语言进行测试代码的编写.

它完全兼容Junit, 同时不需要依赖任何的Mock 框架(如Mockito).

关于Spock 技术的更多信息, 请参考Spock Primer.

在这里, 给出Spock 与JUnit 的术语对比表. 以增加大家的直观理解.

实践

在Intellij IDEA 作为IDE, 并使用Gradle 作为工程构建工具.

环境准备

• 在Intellij 中安装gmavnen intelliJ plugin和spock plugin 两个插件.

• 在build.gradle 中应用Groovy 插件:

  apply plugin: 'groovy'

  该插件会在编译期间, 编译src/main/groovy 和src/test/groovy 目录下的Groovy 源文件.

• 在build.gradle 中添加Spock 的依赖:

  testCompile(
      ...
      "org.spockframework:spock-core:$spockCoreVersion",
  )
  

对Java 单元测试的改造

• 首先, 这是遗留的使用Java 语言编写的单元测试代码:

  @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
  public class DefaultGatewayInterruptServiceTest {
  
      @Mock
      private GatewayInterruptMapper gatewayInterruptMapper;
  
      @Mock
      private CompanyManageService companyManageService;
  
      @Mock
      private AreaManageService areaManageService;
  
      @Mock
      private RolePermissionManageService rolePermissionManageService;
  
      @InjectMocks
      DefaultGatewayInterruptService service;
  
      @Test
      public void should_return_gateway_interruptions() {
          List<GatewayInterrupt> interrupts = Lists.newArrayList();
          GatewayInterrupt interrupt1 = new GatewayInterrupt();
          interrupt1.setCompanyId(1L);
          interrupt1.setDistrictId(11L);
          interrupt1.setSiteId(111L);
          interrupt1.setGatewayId(1111L);
          interrupt1.setInterruptTime(new GregorianCalendar(2000, 1, 1).getTime());
          interrupt1.setRecoveryTime(new GregorianCalendar(2000, 1, 2).getTime());
          interrupt1.setStatus(false);
          interrupts.add(interrupt1);
  
          GatewayInterrupt interrupt2 = new GatewayInterrupt();
          interrupt2.setCompanyId(1L);
          interrupt2.setDistrictId(11L);
          interrupt2.setSiteId(111L);
          interrupt2.setGatewayId(2222L);
          interrupt2.setInterruptTime(new GregorianCalendar(2000, 1, 1).getTime());
          interrupt2.setStatus(true);
          interrupts.add(interrupt2);
  
          when(gatewayInterruptMapper.getAll()).thenReturn(interrupts);
  
          HashMap<Long, Company> companyHashMap = Maps.newHashMap();
          Company company = new Company();
          company.setName("compnay1");
          companyHashMap.put(1L, company);
          when(companyManageService.getCachedReadOnlyCompanyMap()).thenReturn(companyHashMap);
  
          HashMap<Long, District> districtHashMap = Maps.newHashMap();
          District district = new District();
          district.setName("district1");
          districtHashMap.put(11L, district);
          when(areaManageService.getCachedReadOnlyDistrictMap()).thenReturn(districtHashMap);
  
          HashMap<Long, Site> siteHashMap = Maps.newHashMap();
          Site site = new Site();
          site.setName("site1");
          siteHashMap.put(111L, site);
          when(areaManageService.getCachedReadOnlySiteMap()).thenReturn(siteHashMap);
  
          HashMap<Long, Gateway> gatewayHashMap = Maps.newHashMap();
          Gateway gateway1 = new Gateway();
          gateway1.setId(1111L);
          gateway1.setName("gateway1");
          Gateway gateway2 = new Gateway();
          gateway2.setId(2222L);
          gateway2.setName("gateway2");
          gatewayHashMap.put(1111L, gateway1);
          gatewayHashMap.put(2222L, gateway2);
          when(areaManageService.getCachedReadOnlyGatewayMap()).thenReturn(gatewayHashMap);
  
          List<User> users = Lists.newArrayList();
          User user = new User();
          user.setName("user1");
          users.add(user);
          when(rolePermissionManageService.getManagerOfSite(any())).thenReturn(users);
  
          List<GatewayInterruptDTO> interruptions = service.getGatewayInterruptions();
          assertThat(interruptions.size(), is(2));
      }
  }
  

• 使用Groovy 进行改造后的代码如下:

  class DefaultGatewayInterruptServiceSpec extends Specification {
      def gatewayInterruptMapper = Mock(GatewayInterruptMapper)
      def companyManageService = Mock(CompanyManageService)
      def areaManageService = Mock(AreaManageService)
      def rolePermissionManageService = Mock(RolePermissionManageService)
  
      def service = new DefaultGatewayInterruptService
              (gatewayInterruptMapper, companyManageService, areaManageService, rolePermissionManageService)
  
      def "should return gateway interruptions"() {
          given:
          def interrupt1 = new GatewayInterrupt(
                  companyId: 1L, districtId: 11L, siteId: 111L, gatewayId: 1111L,
                  interruptTime: new GregorianCalendar(2000, 1, 1).getTime(),
                  recoveryTime: new GregorianCalendar(2000, 1, 2).getTime(),
                  status: false
          )
          def interrupt2 = new GatewayInterrupt(
                  companyId: 1L, districtId: 11L, siteId: 111L, gatewayId: 2222L,
                  interruptTime: new GregorianCalendar(2000, 1, 1).getTime(),
                  status: true
          )
  
          when:
          def interruptions = service.getGatewayInterruptions()
  
          then:
          gatewayInterruptMapper.getAll() >> [interrupt1, interrupt2]
          companyManageService.getCachedReadOnlyCompanyMap() >> [1L: new Company(name: "company1")]
          areaManageService.getCachedReadOnlyDistrictMap() >> [11L: new District(name: "district1")]
          areaManageService.getCachedReadOnlySiteMap() >> [111L: new Site(name: "site1")]
          areaManageService.getCachedReadOnlyGatewayMap() >> [1111L: new Gateway(id: 1111L, name: "gateway1"), 2222L: new Gateway(id: 2222L, name: "gateway2")]
          rolePermissionManageService.getManagerOfSite(_ as Site) >> [new User(name: "user1")]
  
          interruptions.size() == 2
      }
  }
  

  这段代码中体现了Groovy 的强大便利:

  • 构造器中能够给字段赋值.

    def interrupt1 = new GatewayInterrupt(
                    companyId: 1L, districtId: 11L, siteId: 111L, gatewayId: 1111L,
                    interruptTime: new GregorianCalendar(2000, 1, 1).getTime(),
                    recoveryTime: new GregorianCalendar(2000, 1, 2).getTime(),
                    status: false
            )
    

  • List 字面量和Map 字面量:

    [interrupt1, interrupt2]
    [11L: new District(name: "district1")]
    

  • 简洁的Mock 写法:

    then:
    gatewayInterruptMapper.getAll() >> [interrupt1, interrupt2]
    

    ​