一、多人协作
1.查看分支信息
当你从远程仓库克隆时,实际上Git自动把本地的master分支和远程的master分支对应起来了,并且,远程仓库的默认名称是origin。
要查看远程库的信息,用git remote:
$ git remote
origin
或者,用git remote -v显示更详细的信息
$ git remote -v
origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (fetch)
origin git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git (push)
上面显示了可以抓取和推送的origin的地址。如果没有推送权限,就看不到push的地址。
2.推送分支
$ git push <远程主机名> <本地分支名>:<远程分支名>
如果该远程分支不存在,则会被新建。
删除分支
$ git push origin :master
# 等同于
$ git push origin --delete master
推送时,要指定本地分支,这样,Git就会把该分支推送到远程库对应的远程分支上:
$ git push origin master
如果要推送其他分支,比如dev
,就改成:
$ git push origin dev
但是,并不是一定要把本地分支往远程推送,那么,哪些分支需要推送,哪些不需要呢?
master分支是主分支,因此要时刻与远程同步;
dev分支是开发分支,团队所有成员都需要在上面工作,所以也需要与远程同步;
bug分支只用于在本地修复bug,就没必要推到远程了,除非老板要看看你每周到底修复了几个bug;
feature分支是否推到远程,取决于你是否和你的小伙伴合作在上面开发。
总之,就是在Git中,分支完全可以在本地自己藏着玩,是否推送,视你的心情而定!
3.抓取分支
$ git pull <远程主机名> <远程分支名>:<本地分支名>
取回origin主机的next分支,与本地的master分支合并,需要写成下面这样。
$ git pull origin next:master
多人协作时,大家都会往master和dev分支上推送各自的修改。
现在,模拟一个你的小伙伴,可以在另一台电脑(注意要把SSH Key添加到GitHub)或者同一台电脑的另一个目录下克隆:
(1)克隆
$ git clone git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
Cloning into 'learngit'...
remote: Counting objects: 46, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (26/26), done.
remote: Total 46 (delta 16), reused 45 (delta 15)
Receiving objects: 100% (46/46), 15.69 KiB | 6 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (16/16), done.
(2)查看只有master分支
$ git branch
* master
(3)切换
现在,你的小伙伴要在dev分支上开发,就必须创建远程origin的dev分支到本地,于是他用这个命令创建本地dev分支:
$ git checkout -b dev origin/dev
(4)修改提交
他就可以在dev上继续修改,然后,时不时地把dev分支push到远程:
$ git commit -m "add /usr/bin/env"
[dev 291bea8] add /usr/bin/env
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git push origin dev
Counting objects: 5, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 349 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
fc38031..291bea8 dev -> dev
(5) 其他人提交,冲突产生
$ git add hello.py
$ git commit -m "add coding: utf-8"
[dev bd6ae48] add coding: utf-8
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
$ git push origin dev
To git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
! [rejected] dev -> dev (non-fast-forward)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tip of your current branch is behind
hint: its remote counterpart. Merge the remote changes (e.g. 'git pull')
hint: before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
(6)合并冲突
先用git pull把最新的提交从origin/dev抓下来,然后,在本地合并,解决冲突,再推送:
$ git pull
remote: Counting objects: 5, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 3 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From github.com:michaelliao/learngit
fc38031..291bea8 dev -> origin/dev
There is no tracking information for the current branch.
Please specify which branch you want to merge with.
See git-pull(1) for details
git pull <remote> <branch>
If you wish to set tracking information for this branch you can do so with:
git branch --set-upstream dev origin/<branch>
git pull也失败了,原因是没有指定本地dev分支与远程origin/dev
分支的链接,根据提示,设置dev和origin/dev的链接
$ git branch --set-upstream dev origin/dev
Branch dev set up to track remote branch dev from origin.
再pull:
$ git pull
Auto-merging hello.py
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in hello.py
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
(7)手动解决冲突
$ git commit -m "merge & fix hello.py"
[dev adca45d] merge & fix hello.py
$ git push origin dev
Counting objects: 10, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 747 bytes, done.
Total 6 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:michaelliao/learngit.git
291bea8..adca45d dev -> dev
多人协作的工作模式通常是这样:
首先,可以试图用git push origin branch-name推送自己的修改;
如果推送失败,则因为远程分支比你的本地更新,需要先用git pull试图合并;
如果合并有冲突,则解决冲突,并在本地提交;
没有冲突或者解决掉冲突后,再用git push origin branch-name推送就能成功!
如果git pull提示“no tracking information”,则说明本地分支和远程分支的链接关系没有创建,用命令
git branch --set-upstream branch-name origin/branch-name。
小结
- git fetch:相当于是从远程获取最新版本到本地,不会自动merge
git fetch origin master
git log -p master..origin/master
git merge origin/master
- git pull:相当于是从远程获取最新版本并merge到本地
git pull origin master