前言
UI布局是整个前端体系里不可或缺的一环。代码的布局是设计语言与用户视觉感受沟通的桥梁,不论它看起来多么简单或是琐碎,但不得不承认,绝大部分软件开发的问题,都是界面问题。那么,如何高效的完成UI开发,也是软件行业一直在克服的问题。
所以,软件界面开发的核心点即是:如何减少UI设计稿的建模难度和减少建模转化到代码的实现难度
最初iOS提供了平面直角坐标系的方式,来解决布局问题,即所谓的手动布局。平面直角坐标系确实是一套完备在理论,这在数学上已经验证过了,只要我们的屏幕还是平面,它就肯定是有效的。但有效不一定高效,我们在日常的生活中,很少会用平面直角坐标系来向人描述位置关系。更多的是依靠相对位置。
所幸,iOS为我们提供自动布局的方法,来解决这一困境。
自动布局的基本理念
其实说到本质,它和手动布局是一样的。对一个控件放在哪里,我们依然只关心它的(x, y, width, height)
。但手动布局的方式是,一次性计算出这四个值,然后设置进去,完成布局。但当父控件或屏幕发生变化时,子控件的计算就要重新来过,非常麻烦。
因此,在自动布局中,我们不再关心(x, y, width, height)
的具体值,我们只关心(x, y, width, height)
四个量对应的约束。
约束
那么何为约束呢?
obj1.property1 =(obj2.property2 * multiplier)+ constant value
子控件的某一个量一定与另一个控件的某一个量呈线性关系,这就是约束。
那么,给(x, y, width, height)
四个量,分别给一个约束,就可以确定一个控件的最终位置。
//创建左边约束
NSLayoutConstraint *leftLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft multiplier:1.0 constant:20];
[self.view addConstraint:leftLc];
这一段代码即是:
控件(blueView)的 x = rootView的x * 1.0 + 20
这里一定要注意,这样的一条约束,涉及了子控件和父控件,所以这条约束一定要添加到父控件中。
添加约束的规则:
- 如果两个控件是父子控件,则添加到父控件中。
- 如果两个控件不是父子控件,则添加到层级最近的共同父控件中。
示例
//关闭Autoresizing
blueView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
//创建左边约束
NSLayoutConstraint *leftLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft multiplier:1.0 constant:20];
[self.view addConstraint:leftLc];
//创建右边约束
NSLayoutConstraint *rightLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeRight relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeRight multiplier:1.0 constant:-20];
[self.view addConstraint:rightLc];
//创建底部约束
NSLayoutConstraint *bottomLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeBottom multiplier:1.0 constant:-20];
[self.view addConstraint:bottomLc];
//创建高度约束
NSLayoutConstraint *heightLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeHeight relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:nil attribute:NSLayoutAttributeNotAnAttribute multiplier:0.0 constant:50];
[blueView addConstraint: heightLc];
我们注意到,自动布局其实工作分两步:
- 创建视图的约束
- 将约束添加到合适的位置
约束关系从上面的描述中,已经非常清晰了。那么如何寻找约束添加的合适位置呢?
到这里,我们只是解决了如何减少UI设计稿的建模难度的问题,
显然,减少建模转化到代码的实现难度这个效果没能达成。关于如何解决减少建模转化到代码的实现难度的问题,
开源库
上面的代码,我们可以看到,虽然自动布局已经比手动布局优雅不少了,但它依然行数较多。每条约束大约都需要三行代码,面对复杂的页面,这样开发出来,会很难阅读。
Masonry则为我们解决了这个问题。
引入Masonry
我们选择使用Cocoapods的方式。引入比较简单:
- 我们先在工程目录下,创建Podfile文件:
2.编辑Podfile
其中,'IosOcDemo'就是我们工程的名字,根据需要,我们自行替换。
3.添加依赖
完成后,执行指令pod install
。CocoaPods就会为我们自动下载并添加依赖。
实践
这样的一个代码,用手动布局,我们大致的代码应该是这样:
-(void)initBottomView
{
self.bottomBarView = [[UIView alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectZero];
self.bottomButtons = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
_bottomBarView.backgroundColor = [UIColor yellowColor];
[self addSubview:_bottomBarView];
for(int i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
UIButton *button = [[UIButton alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectZero];
button.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor];
[_bottomButtons addObject:button];
[self addSubview:button];
}
}
-(void)layoutBottomView
{
_bottomBarView.frame = CGRectMake(20, _viewHeight - 200, _viewWidth - 40, 200);
for (int i = 0 ; i < 3; i++) {
UIButton *button = _bottomButtons[i];
CGFloat x = i * (_viewWidth - 40 - 20 * 4) / 3 + 20*(i+1) + 20;
CGFloat y = _viewHeight - 200;
CGFloat width = (_viewWidth - 40 - 20 * 4) / 3;
CGFloat height = 200;
button.frame = CGRectMake(x, y, width, height);
}
}
我们来看一下,在Masonry的帮助下,我们可以把刚刚的代码写成什么样的:
-(void)initBottomView
{
_bottomBarView = [[UIView alloc]initWithFrame:CGRectZero];
_bottomBarView.backgroundColor = [UIColor yellowColor];
_bottomBarView.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
[self addSubview:_bottomBarView];
[_bottomBarView mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
make.left.equalTo(self).with.offset(20);
make.right.equalTo(self).with.offset(-20);
make.height.mas_equalTo(200);
make.bottom.equalTo(self);
}];
_bottomButtons = [[NSMutableArray alloc]init];
for(int i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
UIButton *button = [[UIButton alloc]initWithFrame: CGRectZero];
button.backgroundColor = [UIColor redColor];
button.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
[_bottomButtons addObject:button];
[_bottomBarView addSubview:button];
[button mas_makeConstraints:^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
if (i == 0) {
make.left.mas_equalTo(20);
}else{
UIButton *previousButton = _bottomButtons[i-1];
make.left.equalTo(previousButton.mas_right).with.offset(20);
}
make.top.mas_equalTo(_bottomBarView.mas_top);
make.width.equalTo(_bottomBarView.mas_width).with.multipliedBy(1.0f/3).offset(-20*4/3);
make.height.equalTo(_bottomBarView.mas_height);
}];
}
}
我们可以看到在Masonry的封装下,代码变得非常简练易读,需要行数略有增加,但是计算过程减少了,我们能更加关注于多个UIView间的位置关系,这与当前的UI设计语言是契合的。所以Masonry能否让我们更直观地表达UI。
源码解读
Masonry的封装很有魅力,那么,我们可以简单地来看一下,它是如何封装的。我们再仔细看一下Masonry的API会发现,我们是直接在UIView上进行调用的。也就是说,Masonry对UIView进行了扩展。
在View+MASUtilities.h中:
#if TARGET_OS_IPHONE || TARGET_OS_TV
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#define MAS_VIEW UIView
#define MAS_VIEW_CONTROLLER UIViewController
#define MASEdgeInsets UIEdgeInsets
然后在View+MASAdditions.h中,我们看到了Masonry的扩展:
#import "MASUtilities.h"
#import "MASConstraintMaker.h"
#import "MASViewAttribute.h"
/**
* Provides constraint maker block
* and convience methods for creating MASViewAttribute which are view + NSLayoutAttribute pairs
*/
@interface MAS_VIEW (MASAdditions)
/**
* following properties return a new MASViewAttribute with current view and appropriate NSLayoutAttribute
*/
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_left;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_top;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_right;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_bottom;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_leading;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_trailing;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_width;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_height;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_centerX;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_centerY;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *mas_baseline;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) MASViewAttribute *(^mas_attribute)(NSLayoutAttribute attr);
...
/**
* Creates a MASConstraintMaker with the callee view.
* Any constraints defined are added to the view or the appropriate superview once the block has finished executing
*
* @param block scope within which you can build up the constraints which you wish to apply to the view.
*
* @return Array of created MASConstraints
*/
- (NSArray *)mas_makeConstraints:(void(NS_NOESCAPE ^)(MASConstraintMaker *make))block;
一些,适配的代码,我省略了,先看核心代码。在刚刚的例子中,我们正是调用的mas_makeConstraints
方法。
- (NSArray *)mas_makeConstraints:(void(^)(MASConstraintMaker *))block {
self.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
MASConstraintMaker *constraintMaker = [[MASConstraintMaker alloc] initWithView:self];
block(constraintMaker);
return [constraintMaker install];
}
mas_makeConstraints
方法比较简单,只是封装了MASConstraintMaker
初始化,设置约束和安装。这里的block就是我们刚刚在外层设置的约束的函数指针。
也就是这一串:
^(MASConstraintMaker *make) {
make.left.equalTo(self.view).with.offset(10);
make.right.equalTo(self.view).with.offset(-10);
make.height.mas_equalTo(50);
make.bottom.equalTo(self.view).with.offset(-10);
}
由于约束条件的设置比较复杂,我们先来看看初始化和安装。
初始化
- (id)initWithView:(MAS_VIEW *)view {
self = [super init];
if (!self) return nil;
self.view = view;
self.constraints = NSMutableArray.new;
return self;
}
初始化的代码比较简单,将传入的view放入MASConstraintMaker
成员,然后创建MASConstraintMaker
的约束容器(NSMutableArray)。
安装
- (NSArray *)install {
if (self.removeExisting) {
NSArray *installedConstraints = [MASViewConstraint installedConstraintsForView:self.view];
for (MASConstraint *constraint in installedConstraints) {
[constraint uninstall];
}
}
NSArray *constraints = self.constraints.copy;
for (MASConstraint *constraint in constraints) {
constraint.updateExisting = self.updateExisting;
[constraint install];
}
[self.constraints removeAllObjects];
return constraints;
}
安装的代码分为三块:
- 判断是否需要移除已有的约束。如果需要,会遍历已有约束,然后逐个
uninstall
-
copy
已有的约束,遍历,并逐一install
-
remove
掉所有约束,并将已添加的constraints
返回。
install
的方法,还是继续封装到了Constraint
中,我们继续跟进阅读:
我们会发现Constraint
只是一个接口,Masonry中对于Constraint
接口有两个实现,分别是:MASViewConstraint
和MASCompositeConstraint
。这两个类,分别是单个约束和约束集合。
在上面的例子中,我们只是对单个UIView
进行约束,所以我们先看MASViewConstraint
的代码。
以下代码MASViewConstraint
进行了一定程度的简化,省略了一些扩展属性,只展示我们的例子中,会执行的代码:
- (void)install {
if (self.hasBeenInstalled) {
return;
}
...
MAS_VIEW *firstLayoutItem = self.firstViewAttribute.item;
NSLayoutAttribute firstLayoutAttribute = self.firstViewAttribute.layoutAttribute;
MAS_VIEW *secondLayoutItem = self.secondViewAttribute.item;
NSLayoutAttribute secondLayoutAttribute = self.secondViewAttribute.layoutAttribute;
// alignment attributes must have a secondViewAttribute
// therefore we assume that is refering to superview
// eg make.left.equalTo(@10)
if (!self.firstViewAttribute.isSizeAttribute && !self.secondViewAttribute) {
secondLayoutItem = self.firstViewAttribute.view.superview;
secondLayoutAttribute = firstLayoutAttribute;
}
MASLayoutConstraint *layoutConstraint
= [MASLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:firstLayoutItem
attribute:firstLayoutAttribute
relatedBy:self.layoutRelation
toItem:secondLayoutItem
attribute:secondLayoutAttribute
multiplier:self.layoutMultiplier
constant:self.layoutConstant];
layoutConstraint.priority = self.layoutPriority;
layoutConstraint.mas_key = self.mas_key;
if (self.secondViewAttribute.view) {
MAS_VIEW *closestCommonSuperview = [self.firstViewAttribute.view mas_closestCommonSuperview:self.secondViewAttribute.view];
NSAssert(closestCommonSuperview,
@"couldn't find a common superview for %@ and %@",
self.firstViewAttribute.view, self.secondViewAttribute.view);
self.installedView = closestCommonSuperview;
} else if (self.firstViewAttribute.isSizeAttribute) {
self.installedView = self.firstViewAttribute.view;
} else {
self.installedView = self.firstViewAttribute.view.superview;
}
MASLayoutConstraint *existingConstraint = nil;
...
else {
[self.installedView addConstraint:layoutConstraint];
self.layoutConstraint = layoutConstraint;
[firstLayoutItem.mas_installedConstraints addObject:self];
}
}
自动布局是一种相对布局,所以,绝大部分情况下,需要两个UIView
(约束方与参照方)。在上面的方法中:
-
firstLayoutItem
是约束方,secondLayoutItem
是参照方 -
firstLayoutAttribute
是约束方的属性,secondLayoutAttribute
是参照方的属性。 -
MASLayoutConstraint
就是NSLayoutConstraint
的子类,只是添加了mas_key属性。
到这里,我们就与系统提供的API对应上了。
NSLayoutConstraint *leftLc = [NSLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:blueView attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft relatedBy:NSLayoutRelationEqual toItem:self.view attribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft multiplier:1.0 constant:20];
[self.view addConstraint:leftLc];
再看看我们之前用系统API完成的例子,是不是格外熟悉?
那么接下来,我们就是要阅读
make.left.equalTo(self).with.offset(20);
make.right.equalTo(self).with.offset(-20);
make.height.mas_equalTo(200);
make.bottom.equalTo(self);
是如何变成firstLayoutItem
, secondLayoutItem
, firstLayoutAttribute
, secondLayoutAttribute
和layoutRelation
的。
约束条件的设置
回到前面的:
- (NSArray *)mas_makeConstraints:(void(^)(MASConstraintMaker *))block {
self.translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints = NO;
MASConstraintMaker *constraintMaker = [[MASConstraintMaker alloc] initWithView:self];
block(constraintMaker);
return [constraintMaker install];
}
我们接下来,就要看block的实现:
block
其实是一个函数指针。此处真正调用的方法是:
make.left.equalTo(self).with.offset(20);
make.right.equalTo(self).with.offset(-20);
make.height.mas_equalTo(200);
make.bottom.equalTo(self);
我们挑选其中一个,来看看源码实现:
left
- (MASConstraint *)addConstraintWithLayoutAttribute:(NSLayoutAttribute)layoutAttribute {
return [self constraint:nil addConstraintWithLayoutAttribute:layoutAttribute];
}
- (MASConstraint *)left {
return [self addConstraintWithLayoutAttribute:NSLayoutAttributeLeft];
}
- (MASConstraint *)constraint:(MASConstraint *)constraint addConstraintWithLayoutAttribute:(NSLayoutAttribute)layoutAttribute {
MASViewAttribute *viewAttribute = [[MASViewAttribute alloc] initWithView:self.view layoutAttribute:layoutAttribute];
MASViewConstraint *newConstraint = [[MASViewConstraint alloc] initWithFirstViewAttribute:viewAttribute];
if ([constraint isKindOfClass:MASViewConstraint.class]) {
//replace with composite constraint
NSArray *children = @[constraint, newConstraint];
MASCompositeConstraint *compositeConstraint = [[MASCompositeConstraint alloc] initWithChildren:children];
compositeConstraint.delegate = self;
[self constraint:constraint shouldBeReplacedWithConstraint:compositeConstraint];
return compositeConstraint;
}
if (!constraint) {
newConstraint.delegate = self;
[self.constraints addObject:newConstraint];
}
return newConstraint;
}
在对单个view
添加约束时,constraint
为nil。我们直接生成了一个新约束newConstraint
。它的firstViewAttribute
就是我们传入的NSLayoutAttributeLeft
equalTo
- (MASConstraint * (^)(id))equalTo {
return ^id(id attribute) {
return self.equalToWithRelation(attribute, NSLayoutRelationEqual);
};
}
- (MASConstraint * (^)(id, NSLayoutRelation))equalToWithRelation {
return ^id(id attribute, NSLayoutRelation relation) {
if ([attribute isKindOfClass:NSArray.class]) {
NSAssert(!self.hasLayoutRelation, @"Redefinition of constraint relation");
NSMutableArray *children = NSMutableArray.new;
for (id attr in attribute) {
MASViewConstraint *viewConstraint = [self copy];
viewConstraint.layoutRelation = relation;
viewConstraint.secondViewAttribute = attr;
[children addObject:viewConstraint];
}
MASCompositeConstraint *compositeConstraint = [[MASCompositeConstraint alloc] initWithChildren:children];
compositeConstraint.delegate = self.delegate;
[self.delegate constraint:self shouldBeReplacedWithConstraint:compositeConstraint];
return compositeConstraint;
} else {
NSAssert(!self.hasLayoutRelation || self.layoutRelation == relation && [attribute isKindOfClass:NSValue.class], @"Redefinition of constraint relation");
self.layoutRelation = relation;
self.secondViewAttribute = attribute;
return self;
}
};
}
此处,我们依然先看attribute不是NSArray
的情况。这里在单个属性的约束中,就比较简单了,将relation
和attribue
传入MASConstraint
对应的成员。
在上面介绍install
方法时,我们就曾提到过:
MASLayoutConstraint *layoutConstraint
= [MASLayoutConstraint constraintWithItem:firstLayoutItem
attribute:firstLayoutAttribute
relatedBy:self.layoutRelation
toItem:secondLayoutItem
attribute:secondLayoutAttribute
multiplier:self.layoutMultiplier
constant:self.layoutConstant];
firstLayoutItem
和secondLayoutItem
在install
方法中已收集完成,此时,经过left
和equalTo
我们又收集到了:firstViewAttribute
、secondViewAttribute
和layoutRelation
胜利即在眼前。
- (MASConstraint * (^)(CGFloat))offset {
return ^id(CGFloat offset){
self.offset = offset;
return self;
};
}
- (void)setOffset:(CGFloat)offset {
self.layoutConstant = offset;
}
通过OC的set语法,Masonry
将offset传入layoutConstant。
至此,layoutConstraint
就完成了全部的元素收集,可以使用添加约束的方式,只需要解决最后一个问题,约束添加到哪里呢?我们似乎在调用时,并不需要关心这件事情,那说明框架帮我们完成了这个工作。
closestCommonSuperview
我们在MASViewConstraint中,可以找到这样一段:
if (self.secondViewAttribute.view) {
MAS_VIEW *closestCommonSuperview = [self.firstViewAttribute.view mas_closestCommonSuperview:self.secondViewAttribute.view];
NSAssert(closestCommonSuperview,
@"couldn't find a common superview for %@ and %@",
self.firstViewAttribute.view, self.secondViewAttribute.view);
self.installedView = closestCommonSuperview;
} else if (self.firstViewAttribute.isSizeAttribute) {
self.installedView = self.firstViewAttribute.view;
} else {
self.installedView = self.firstViewAttribute.view.superview;
}
注意到,closetCommonSuperview
就是Masonry为我们找到的最近公共父控件。
- (instancetype)mas_closestCommonSuperview:(MAS_VIEW *)view {
MAS_VIEW *closestCommonSuperview = nil;
MAS_VIEW *secondViewSuperview = view;
while (!closestCommonSuperview && secondViewSuperview) {
MAS_VIEW *firstViewSuperview = self;
while (!closestCommonSuperview && firstViewSuperview) {
if (secondViewSuperview == firstViewSuperview) {
closestCommonSuperview = secondViewSuperview;
}
firstViewSuperview = firstViewSuperview.superview;
}
secondViewSuperview = secondViewSuperview.superview;
}
return closestCommonSuperview;
}
实现也比较简单。
至此,我们完成了所有准备,就可以开始愉快的自动布局啦。
以上就是Masonry对iOS自动布局封装的解读。
如有问题,欢迎指正。