Levelling the paying field--Vocabulary
1.New European payments regulation has the potential toshake upthe banks
shake up: to make important changes in an organization, a profession, etc. in order to make it more efficient 彻底调整；重组（机构、行业等）E.g.The government wanted to reform the institutions, to shake up the country 政府想要实施机构改革，整顿国家。
2.Klarna :is a Swedishe-commercecompany that provides payment services for online storefronts. Their core service is to assume stores' claims for payments and handle customer payments, thus eliminating the risk for seller and buyer.
Link:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klarna
3.mortgage: noun . ( also informal home loan) a legal agreement by which a bank or similar organization lends you money to buy a house, etc., and you pay the money back over a particular number of years; the sum of money that you borrow 按揭（由银行等提供房产抵押借款）；按揭贷款E.g. to apply for/take out/pay off a mortgage 申请 / 取得 / 还清抵押贷款
4. predetermine: verb. (formal) to decide sth in advance so that it does not happen by chance 预先决定；事先安排
predetermined: adj. 预设的E.g. An alarm sounds when the temperature reaches a predetermined level 温度一达到预设的度数，警报就会响起来
5.overdrawn: 【 having taken more money out of your bank account than you have in it 已透支；有透支E.g. I'm overdrawn by £100 我透支了100英镑
【 with more money taken out than was paid in or left in 被透支的E.g. 透支的账户
6.interact:to communicate with sb, especially while you work, play or spend time with them 交流；沟通；合作.E.g Teachers have a limited amount of time to interact with each child. 教师和每个孩子沟通的时间有限。
【派生词】interaction: noun. ~ (between sb/sth) | ~ (with sb/sth) 互动，相互作用
7.direadj. [常用于名词前](formal) very serious 极其严重的；危急的E.g. dire warnings/threats
8. unscathed:adj. [名词前不可用] not hurt 未受伤害；未受伤【Synonyms】: unharmed
E.g. The hostages emerged from their ordeal unscathed 各人质历尽磨难后安然生还
9.Fintech companies are beginning to mount a challenge, most conspicuously in the online-payments industry in northern Europe...
mount: [动词 + 名词短语] to organize and begin sth 准备；安排；组织开展 【 synonyms 】:arrangeE.g. to mount a protest/campaign/an exhibition 发起抗议 / 运动；举办展览
conspicuous: easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention 易见的；明显的；惹人注意的 【派生词】conspicuously显著地 E.g. Women were conspicuously absent from the planning committee 引人注意的是，规划委员会里没有一个女性委员
10.sofort: online bank transfer . https://www.sofort.com/eng-INT/buyer/sb/overview/
iDEAL: Online payments service https://www.ideal.nl/en/
11.overwhelming: very great or very strong; so powerful that you cannot resist it or decide how to react 巨大的；压倒性的；无法抗拒的
【派生词】overwhelmingly压倒地，无法抵抗地E.g. They voted overwhelmingly against the proposal.他们以压倒多数票反对这项提案。
12.One reason incumbents have proved so resilient is that fintech firms lack the customer-transaction information they need to provide many financial services.
incumbent:a person who has an official position 在职者；现任者E.g. the present incumbent of the White House 现任美国总统
resilient :able to feel better quickly after sth unpleasant such as shock, injury, etc. 可迅速恢复的；有适应力的E.g. He'll get over it─young people are amazingly resilient. 他会克服这些的——年轻人的适应力惊人
13 It is often either cumbersome or insecure for customers to share their own information.
cumbersome: difficult to handle or use especially because of size or weight; 麻烦的，冗长的
insecure: not safe or protected 不安全的；无保障的；不牢靠的E.g. As an artist he was always financially insecure.作为一名艺术家，他在经济上总是没有保障
14.PSD2(Payments services directive2): PSD2 is the second Payment Services Directive, designed by the countries of the European Union. It could revolutionise the payments industry, affecting everything from the way we pay online, to what information we see when making a payment. (Related links: https://transferwise.com/gb/blog/what-is-psd2)， adopted in 2015
【延伸】来看看PSD2的前身：PSD：is anEU Directive, administered by theEuropean Commission (Directorate General Internal Market)to regulate payment services andpayment service providersthroughout theEuropean Union(EU) andEuropean Economic Area(EEA). The Directive's purpose was to increase pan-European competition and participation in the payments industry also from non-banks, and to provide for a level playing field by harmonizing consumer protection and the rights and obligations for payment providers and users. （Only be applied within the European Economic Area)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_Services_Directive
15.implement :to make sth that has been officially decided start to happen or be used 使生效；贯彻；执行；实施 【 Synonyms :】carry out
E.g. to implement changes/decisions/policies/reforms 实行变革；执行决议 / 政策；实施改革
16.due to be: 将定于....
【延伸】With all due respect: used when you are going to disagree, usually quite strongly, with sb （通常在表示强烈不同意之前说）恕我直言E.g. With all due respect, the figures simply do not support you on this 恕我直言，这些数字根本不能支持你的观点。
17.kick-start: to do sth to help a process or project start more quickly 促使…开始；使（项目）尽快启动E.g. The government's attempt to kick-start the economy has failed 政府刺激经济的努力失败了
18.Provided the customer has givenexplicit consent, banks wil be forced to share customer-account information with licensed financial-services providers.如果客户已明确同意，银行将不得不与特许金融服务商分享客户信息。
explicit：adj. saying sth clearly, exactly and openly （说话）清晰的，明确的；直言的；坦率的 【Synonyms】frankE.g. She was quite explicit about why she had left.她对自己离开的原因直言不讳
consent:noun. permission to do sth, especially given by sb in authority 同意；准许；允许E.g. The written consent of a parent is required. 要求有家长的书面同意.
19.They could become more integrated intothe internet-browsing experience-enabling, for example,one-click bank transfers, at least for low-value payments.
the internet-browsing experience-enabling: 互联网浏览体验启用
Browse: verb **(computing 计) to look for information on a computer, especially on the Internet （在计算机，尤指互联网上）搜寻信息，浏览信息
** to look at a lot of things in a shop/store rather than looking for one particular thing （在商店里）随便看看E.g.You are welcome to come in and browse. 欢迎您光临本店随便看看
【派生词】browse :noun E.g. The gift shop is well worth a browse 这家礼品店值得一看
20.tighten up: to make sth become stricter 使更加严格；加强E.g. to tighten security加强安全措施。 【antonym】loosen
21.sophisticated: adj 文中参考第一种解释
** having a lot of experience of the world and knowing about fashion, culture and other things that people think are socially important 见多识广的；老练的；见过世面的(compare naive
** (of a machine, system, etc. 机器、体系等) clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented 复杂巧妙的；先进的；精密的
**(of a person 人) able to understand difficult or complicated ideas 水平高的；在行的E.g. a sophisticated audience 有鉴赏力的观众
22. rock-bottom :(informal) the lowest point or level that is possible 最低点；最低水平
E.g. Prices hit rock bottom 价格降到了最低点。
23.Deloitte: is a UK-incorporatedmultinationalprofessional servicesfirm with operational headquarters inNew York Cityin theUnited States. Deloitte is one of the "Big Four" accounting firms and the largestprofessional services networkin the world by revenue and number of professionals. Deloitte providesaudit,tax,consulting,enterprise riskandfinancial advisoryservices with more than 244,400 professionals globally.
More infomation link to :https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte
24.Banks' lockhold on payments serves as a handy source of income, earning European banks €128bn in 2015, around a quarter of retail banking revenue. 牢牢把控
25.dumb pipes:refers to a network that is used simply to transfer bytes between the customer's device and the Internet, while being completely neutral with regard to the services and applications the customer accesses, it primarily provides simple bandwidth and network speed.(相对于smart pipe ). 术语哑通道是指简单地用于在客户设备和因特网之间传输字节的网络，而完全中立于客户的访问和应用程序，它主要提供简单的宽带和网络速度。
26.Perhaps predictably, resistance ismanifestedas a concern about data protection: more then half of respondents to the PWC survey voiced concerns about security andliability.
manifest: to show sth clearly, especially a feeling, an attitude or a quality 表明，清楚显示（尤指情感、态度或品质）【synonyms】demonstrate. Eg.Social tensions were manifested in the recent political crisis.最近的政治危机显示了社会关系的紧张
liability:累赘；负累；负担 If you say that someone or something is a liability, you mean that they cause a lot of problems or embarrassment.
27.legitimate:for which there is a fair and acceptable reason 正当合理的；合情合理的 【Synonyms】valid, justifiableE.g.It seemed a perfectly legitimate question 这似乎是完全合乎情理的问题。
28.block competition 阻碍竞争
29. robust:强健的;健壮的;坚固的;结实的 Someone or something that is robust is very strong or healthy.E.g. We've always specialised in making very robust, simply designed machinery. 我们一直专注于制造极为结实耐用而且设计简单的机器
30...As they are also required to beinsured against losses from fraud, they will need to convinceinsurers,too. 投保欺诈损失
31.They will not be subject to the same capital and stress-testing requirement banks face: but nor will they be licensed to undertake the riskier business or lending.他们不会受到银行面临的相同的资本和压力测试要求, 但他们也不会被许可进行风险较高的业务或贷款。
32.perfect on paper: 完美的纸上方案（暗指实施起来可能困难重重，没那么完美）
33. As implementation approaches, the rules will bewatered down,.作为执行方案，规则将会被放缓。
water down:使(提议、演讲、声明等)语气缓和;使打折扣;削弱 If something such as a proposal, speech, or statement is watered down, it is made much weaker and less forceful, or less likely to make people angry. E.g.Proposed legislation affecting bird-keepers has been watered down影响养鸟者的立法提案的措词已经缓和一些了
34.subjective: based on your own ideas or opinions rather than facts and therefore sometimes unfair 主观的（非客观的） Subjectively : 主观地
35.bared their teeth: 露出獠牙
36.Last year German competition authorities,citing the changes proposed in PSD2, ruled that banks were illegally restricting customers' online-banking activities.去年德国竞争当局，引用PSD2中提议的变化，规定说银行限制客户网上银行活动的行为是不合法的。
cite: to speak or write the exact words from a book, an author, etc. 引用；引述；援引 【synonyms:】quote
37.Santander's British arm, for instance, has teamed up with Kabbage, an American startup, to offer small companies working-capital loans.运营资金贷款
team up: to put two or more people or things together in order to do sth or to achieve a particular effect 使互相配合；协作；合作
40 .Familiarity,huge customer bases and low funding costs are all attributes entrants want to gain by association, just as banks want to exploit newcomers' technology. 熟识，庞大的客户群和低资金成本上是新来者通过联合想获得的所有属性，就像银行想利用新来者的技术一样。
attributes: noun. a quality or feature of sb/sth 属性；性质；特征 E.g Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.耐心是教师最重要的品质之一
entrants: a person who has recently joined a profession, university, etc. 新职员；新生；新会员；新成员
exploit:to treat a person or situation as an opportunity to gain an advantage for yourself 利用（…为自己谋利）E.g. He exploited his father's name to get himself a job.他利用他父亲的名声为自己找到一份工作
41.confrontation:~ (with sb) | ~ (between A and B) a situation in which there is an angry disagreement between people or groups who have different opinions 对抗；对峙；冲突
E.g. confrontation between employers and unions 资方与工会之间的对峙
Mindmap:
【
反思】在做导图之前，我对每个段落大致的讲解点都列了出来，然后就发现信息很多，觉得每条都有用，而且下笔前有种我知道文章说了什么，却无法用一种逻辑且全面的方法表现出来的感觉。后来再看笃师的，喜欢死了她的这张图，简洁明晰且正面负面影响都用不同的符号呈现出来，迫不及待留作经典范本。对做图我觉得自己最大的问题还是不会提取最简洁且成一套系统的要点。我自己的图太赘言又没有太清晰的脉络，当我知道影响时，我就把一堆东西放在上面，反而这样，会让人觉得没有次重点。路漫漫其修远兮，吾将进一步琢磨。
神句练习：【笃师讲解】
1.New European payments regulation has the potential to shake up the banks.
新的欧洲支付条例很有可能要彻底重组银行的架构。
【新出台的欧洲支付法规有可能会给银行业带来巨大冲击。
Shake up 一般指带来重大改变,Gambition is shaking up the way we study/Technology
is shaking up every industry that we can conceive of.】
2.European rules will open the door to a host of innovative services that analyze transactions. 欧洲法规将为分析交易相关的创新服务敞开大门。
【欧洲法规将给交易分析相关的创新服务带来更多机遇。
to give someone new opportunities (sometimes + for )The success of that film
opened new doors for him.(sometimes + to )Early results show that thenew system would open doors to disadvantaged people.】
3.Customers need barely ever interact with their bank. 客户几乎不再需要与他们的银行打交道。
【客户几乎都不需要通过银行。
如果这边一定把interact翻成与银行互动,就略显死板了。大家都习惯了互联网金融，那很多事情就不需要通过银行啦~】
4.European retail banking has been remarkably unscathed by technology-driven disruption.
欧洲零售银行明显在技术驱动干扰活动中毫发无损。
【技术带来的变革对欧洲零售银行业产生的影响微乎其微。
欧洲零售银行业几乎并没有受到技术变革的影响。
两句一个意思，第二句形式上更吻合原句，但第一句通过化被动为主动，突出了核心信息remarkably unscathed几乎毫发无伤。所以，翻译并没有完美的答案，只能无限接近而已~】
5.Fintech companies are beginning to mount a challenge, most conspicuously in the online-payments industry in northern Europe. But their reach is more limited elsewhere in Europe.。 金融科技公司们正开始发起一场挑战，主要致力于欧洲北方的线上支付这块产业。但他们在欧洲其他地区很难发挥影响力。【互联网金融公司已经开始发起挑战，尤其是在北欧线上支付领域。但对欧洲其他地区的影响则要小得多。我要提醒大家的是最后那里的reach,用作名词时候和influence一个意思,用来表达影响的范围，简短好用，建议化作积极储备。Eg.Victory is now out of her reach. /The company has now overtaken IBM in terms ofsize and reach./Such matters are beyond the reach of the law.】
6.Regulators,however, are about to transform the landscape. 然而，监管者们正要改变这种局面。【然而，监管部门即将改变这一现状。
landscape原意是风景，景色，地貌，此处也是暗喻的用法，衍生为局面，局势。所以哦，衍生意思和原意都有一定联系，大家稍加联想，便不难理解哦。这种用法非常非常普遍，建议内化。Recent electoral shocks have shaken the
European political landscape.最近的选举风波震动了欧洲政坛。】
7.Banks’ lockhold on payments serves as a handy source of income.银行业紧紧控住付款服务这一最方便的收入来源。【牢牢把控支付领域使得银行轻而易举就能赚钱。后面的handy这一形容词值得重视，表示就在手边，方便容易，唾手可得，联想它的原形hand好好体会一下。Eg. Always keep a first-aid kit handy.跟前要常备急救箱/handy little tool好用小工具】
8.Resistance is manifested as a concern about data protection.Such concerns are legitimate but also, argue fintech supporters,offer a convenient excuse for banks to block competition.阻力主要表现为对数据保护的担忧。这种担忧是合法的却也为银行阻碍竞争提供了一个合适托辞，金融科技支持者辩论道。【抗拒源自对数据保护的担忧，这是合情合理的。但互联网金融的支持者们认为，这也是银行抵制竞争的绝佳借口。】
9.Yet for all their complaints, customers still trust banks with their money. 尽管抱怨连天，客户在资金上还是相信银行。【For all表示尽管，虽然，等于despite.Eg. For all its clarity of style, the book isnot easy to read】
神词组:【笃师讲解】
become overdrawn: 变得透支【透支】
nudge them to save more 促使他们节约些【鼓励他们增加储蓄】
have easy access to:容易进入【便于……】
kick-start competition:推动竞争【引发竞争】
give explicit consent 给予明确准许【明确同意】
one-click bank transfer:一键银行转帐
low-value payments:小额度的付款【小额支付】
tighten up security:加强安全
guide them toward:引导他们走向
rich data:庞大数据【丰富的数据】
leave them in a weaker position: 陷他们于劣势位置【使他们处于不利地位】
robust data-protection system: 稳固数据保护系统【强大的数据保护系统】
insured against losses from fraud:投保欺诈损失【投保以防欺诈造成的损失】
perfect on paper: 完美计划【理论完美！暗示实际操作起来可能困难重重。】
team up with:联手合作【与….合作】
exploit newcomers technology:利用新参与者的技术【利用后来者的技术】
Summary :
发现我越来越爱这种财经主题了，要知道自己以前是文学之外的东西不感兴趣不碰的一个人。作者在讲欧洲的事情，技术的发展冲击着老牌的金融界银行的地位，反观国内也是，支付宝，微信，二维码，这些东西越来越让我们出门不带现金凭着一个手机就可以完成一天的活动，包括逛街购物吃喝。我们享受着技术带给我们的便利，除了ATM机，几乎很少不再跨进银行营业厅的大门。而对作者文中末尾提到的竞争双方对未来levelling的举措，我是有深刻体会的，比如越来越多的老实体银行推出手机APP，让更多的客户直接在手机上操作，越来越多的银行为在技术日益更新的今天赶上时代潮流，不惜重金投入整改，为自己的企业重新做一套VI，员工服务培训走向专业化。而新技术为分得市场一份羹也不断地在如何给客户便利上挖空心思，争取占位。这种竞争更让我想起如今很火的单车市场。当政府提供的便民单车在街道上成为摆设时，私人运营的单车服务如雨后春笋般崛起，且为市民所热捧。客户体验便利化已成为各方竞争所抓的最大方向，我觉得这是最好的时代。
