1. Introduction
Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments. While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model. Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes. The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for nonreversible services. With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads. Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need. A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable. These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.
What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party. Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers. In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions. The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.
互联网上的贸易，几乎都需要借助金融机构作为可资信赖的第三方来处理电子支付信息。虽然这类系统在绝大多数情况下都运作良好，但是这类系统仍然内生性地受制于“基于信用的模式”的弱点。我们无法实现完全不可逆的交易，因为金融机构总是不可避免地会出面协调争端。而金融中介的存在，也会增加交易的成本，并且限制了实际可行的最小交易规模，也限制了日常的小额支付交易。并且潜在的损失还在于，很多商品和服务本身是无法退货的，如果缺乏不可逆的支付手段，互联网的贸易就大大受限。因为有潜在的退款的可能，就需要交易双方拥有信任。而商家也必须提防自己的客户，因此会向客户索取完全不必要的个人信息。而实际的商业行为中，一定比例的欺诈性客户也被认为是不可避免的，相关损失视作销售费用处理。而在使用物理现金的情况下，这些销售费用和支付问题上的不确定性却是可以避免的，因为此时没有第三方信用中介的存在。
所以，我们非常需要这样一种电子支付系统，它基于密码学原理而不基于信用，使得任何达成一致的双方，能够直接进行支付，从而不需要第三方中介的参与。杜绝回滚支付交易的可能，这就可以保护特定的卖家免于欺诈；而对于想要保护买家的人来说，在此环境下设立通常的第三方担保机制也可谓轻松加愉快。在这篇论文中，我们将提出一种通过点对点分布式的时间戳服务器来生成依照时间前后排列并加以记录的电子交易证明，从而解决双重支付问题。只要诚实的节点所控制的计算能力的总和，大于有合作关系的攻击者的计算能力的总和，该系统就是安全的。
