- 基础认识 Handler Message MessageQueue Looper
- Handler Message MessageQueue Looper 的关系
- 经常碰上的问题(含解决方式)
基础认识
Handler :主要用来子线程和主线程数据传递,更新UI。
Message:信息类,它可包含任意的数据传给Handler。
MessageQueue:Message的消息队列。
Looper :用于Message消息循环的一个类。
关系: 通过一个例子,结合源码分析它们的工作流程。
以下是一个可运行的代码,点击Button,在Button事件中创建子线程,然后结合它们去更新button.setText的UI。
因为我要讲得更细,而且语文能力有限,所以啰嗦点了。
从子线程中的run方法开始讲。
27行:
通过Message.obtain(),handler.obtainMessage()去获取Message实例,当然也可以new Message()获取,推荐前两种方式创建Message实例,以下源码解释说明,就是资源利用优化问题。
* <p class="note">While the constructor of Message is public, the best way to get
* one of these is to call {@link #obtain Message.obtain()} or one of the
* {@link Handler#obtainMessage Handler.obtainMessage()} methods, which will pull
* them from a pool of recycled objects.</p>
30行:
用msg.what建立一个标识,还可以利用msg.setData(Bundle data)传递数据等等。前者方便在handleMessage里面区分事件处理情况。
31行:
handler.sendMessage(msg)是将Message放到消息队列MessageQueue里面,但没有处理消息的内容。那么消息什么时候处理,接着看...
sendMessage源码 依次点击去里面的4函数,最后到了jni层。
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
第40行:
有一个表面意思翻译就是处理Message消息的函数handleMessage(Message msg), 是时候引入Looper这个东西了。
来到这里我有几个疑问:
Q 1. handleMessage(Message msg)在什么时候执行里面的事件?
Q 2. 假设是Looper这个东西的里面有个事件让handleMessage触发事件,那看我最上面的例子,根本没出现过Looper啊,我们也没主动创建过Looper,究竟Looper是谁创建了?什么时候创建?
Q 3. 假设Looper已经创建出来了,那是什么方法去触发handleMessage执行,什么时候启动Looper里面那个我们还没知道的方法?
不要急着一下全部解决,看我下面分析后再回想这几个问题。
问题到这里必须得看源码了。 上源码~~
Tips:github上可以源码 地址
public static void main(String[] args) {
Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
// CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We
// disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
// StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
Environment.initForCurrentUser();
// Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
// Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
Looper.prepareMainLooper();
ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
thread.attach(false);
if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
}
if (false) {
Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
}
// End of event ActivityThreadMain.
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
Looper.loop();
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
}
}
第一份源码来自ActivityThread.java(6131行),你应该留意到了一句 Looper.prepareMainLooper(); 然后我再去找Looper这个类的prepareMainLooper()方法究竟是干嘛用的。 94~108行找到
/**
* Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
* application's main looper. The main looper for your application
* is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
* to call this function yourself. See also: {@link #prepare()}
*/
public static void prepareMainLooper() {
prepare(false);
synchronized (Looper.class) {
if (sMainLooper != null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
}
sMainLooper = myLooper();
}
}
77~92 行
/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
* This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
* this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
* {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
* {@link #quit()}.
*/
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
// True if the message queue can be quit.---quitAllowed
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
上面的两份源码可得知,Looper.prepareMainLooper()调用了prepare(false)方法,而prepare(boolean quitAllowed)方法里面倒数第二行它创建了一个Looper并且将创建的这个Looper放到sThreadLocal(保存当前的Looper对象)里面。
这里解决了第二个问题!
Q: 谁创建的Looper,什么时候创建 -
A:系统自动在Activity启动中ActivityThread里创建了Looper。
接着麻烦回去看ActivityThread.java的源码,最后那几行看到最后这个没Looper.loop(); 在去源码中找loop()这方法什么意思。
public static void loop() {
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
}
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
上面代码所做的工作大概是
- 利用final Looper me = myLooper(); 找出当前的Looper。
- 通过final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;找出当前Looper有的MessageQueue。
(final MessageQueue mQueue,mQueue就是MessageQueue来的) - 最后就是msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); msg就是Message,那么target是什么,在Message.java源码中看到如下
/*package*/ Handler target;
那就清楚明白了,就是 调用了handler的dispatchMessage(msg)方法,那么它dispatchMessage又是干嘛的呢。 又在Handler.java源码中找到
/**
* Handle system messages here.
*/
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
NICE 看到源码中那个handleMessage(msg)没,是不是好有成就感~~~
这里解决了第一和第三个问题!
Q:Looper里面哪个方法触发handleMessage(msg),什么时候触发那个方法(也就是触发handleMessage(msg)方法)
A: 那个触发handleMessage(msg)的方法就是loop(), 它是在Activity启动中ActivityThread.java里面触发的。
上面的已经很好的介绍了Handler Message MessageQueue Looper,但是可能理解起来比较乱。下面整理下(还是跟着例子讲):
- 子线程中创建了 Message,将需要传递的数据或者标识给Message。
- Message创建赋值完毕后就由handler中的snedMessage(msg)将Message塞到MessageQueue里面(做到这里只是单纯的保存数据,其它什么事都没干)。
- 因为一个Activity启动过程中,在ActivityThread里面的主函数里通过 Looper.prepareMainLooper()创建了默认的Looper,并且调用Looper.loop()把当前Looper中的MessageQueue消息通过dispatchMessage(msg)方法分发给handler中的handleMessage(msg)。
- 最后我们调用handleMessage(msg),在里面完成我们所需要的事件(如 例子中就是更新UI)。
而当中的第三步骤我们是看不到的,因为这是系统的机制。
经常碰上的问题(含解决方式)
1. Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()
直接在子线程里面创建一个Handler实施,然后调用handleMessage去更新UI。
Due to :在里面的线程里面没有调用Looper.prepare()直接Crash。
Looper.prepare() 用来获取Looper实例,虽然主线程是有默认的Looper实例,但是在子线程中它不会默认帮我们创建。但是为什么一定要Looper呢。
Tips: 怎样比较快去找到所出现的问题在源码的哪里,首先找对应的类先,然后里面直接搜索出现的错误原因:如这里直接search“Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()”
public Handler() {
this(null, false);
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
看到上面源码的中下可得知,因为在子线程里面不会自动创建Looper实例,Looper.myLooper()为null,所以导致抛异常。那为什么一定要创建Looper实例呢? 你留意下源码mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;和 mCallback = callback;
mCallback的接口源码如下: 它是调用handleMessage的
public interface Callback {
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
}
/**
* Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
*/
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
}
由此我们可以这样理解:如果你没Looper实例,那么你就获取不到由Looper从MessageQueue分发出来的Message。那么Message都获取不到,还处理消息handleMessage个毛啊!
好~~~那我就老老实实在new Handler之前添加Looper.prepare();
很好,程序顺利运行成功,起码不会crash先,但是我发现我点击button 并没有执行handleMessage(Message msg)里面的所有事件。
噢噢~~我大概想到了,虽然我创建了Looper实例,但是我们不是还需要出发Looper里面的loop()函数的么,因为这函数会触发msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); 去分发Message给handler。SO~我再加个Looper.loop()给它咯。
咦~ 怎么还是不行的,添加Looper.loop()放在new Handler前后都不可以。WHAT ? WHAT ? WHAT ?
那是因为我根本就没sendMessage,所以MessageQueue根本没信息,那handle个毛啊?
加了 又错 TT
2. Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.
它告诉我只能在主线程中更新UI的东西,这个也没什么,因为我虽然是Looper.prepare()获取到了Looper实例,而且触动handleMessage,但是我依然是在子线里程更新UI了。
ViewRootImpl.java源码 一直说更新UI只能在主线程,但是不知道为什么,看下面源码
public ViewRootImpl(Context context, Display display) {
mContext = context;
mWindowSession = WindowManagerGlobal.getWindowSession();
mDisplay = display;
mBasePackageName = context.getBasePackageName();
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
mLocation = new WindowLeaked(null);
mLocation.fillInStackTrace();
mWidth = -1;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@Override
public void requestLayout() {
if (!mHandlingLayoutInLayoutRequest) {
checkThread();
mLayoutRequested = true;
scheduleTraversals();
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void checkThread() {
if (mThread != Thread.currentThread()) {
throw new CalledFromWrongThreadException(
"Only the original thread that created a view hierarchy can touch its views.");
}
}
requestLayout 是用来更新UI的,而里面的方法有个checkThread,mThread是指最初的主线程,因为Activity 在创建就新建了一个 ViewRootImpl 对象,所以是产生那个时候当前的Activity的主线程,而Thread.currentThread()就是当前执行的线程了。
那么如果我想,我就喜欢在子线程里面new Handler去跟新UI,有没有办法呢,有!不过这样做了没什么意思吧了 哈哈。
方法:在new Handler时候,既然它那么喜欢主线程才能更新UI,那么我就通过Looper.getMainLooper()作为参数给它咯。
哎呀~~~ 我在添加Looper.prepare()时候,不小心添加多了一个喔,又creash
3. Only one Looper may be created per thread
继续上源码 Looper.java
public static void prepare() {
prepare(true);
}
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
第一次我们Looper.prepare()之后,就new了一个Looper实例
Looper.java
static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ThreadLocal.java
public T get() {
Thread t = Thread.currentThread();
ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);
if (map != null) {
ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);
if (e != null)
return (T)e.value;
}
return setInitialValue();
}
这样的话,sThreadLocal.get()就有了刚才创建的线程了,所以就Crash咯。
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