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Young Ghanaians risk all for "better" life

加纳年轻人为“改善”生活而孤注一掷

Some migrate within Africa while others take the risky route to Europe

By Efam Awo Dovi

一些人选择洲内移民，另一些人则踏上了移民欧洲的艰险旅程

文/Efam Awo Dovi  译/家懿

Every week, in the Brong Ahafo Region — one of Ghana’s major food baskets — vehicles load up with men between 18 and 40 years old. Many, mostly the younger men, hope to reach Europe, while others head for more prosperous countries in Africa. Irrespective of their final destination, they have common aspirations: hopes of good jobs and better lives for themselves and the families they leave behind.

布朗阿哈福地区是加纳最大的食品市场之一，在这里，每周都会有载满男人的车辆驶过，他们的年龄在十八到四十岁之间。车中许多人都打算前往欧洲，这些大多是年轻人，还有一部分人准备去到更富裕的其他非洲国家。尽管目的地不同，他们有着一样的雄心：希望能找到更好的工作，从而提高自己和家乡亲人的生活质量。

Kofi Twum made that trip years ago. He was only 18 and had lost his father at an early age. His mother, a subsistence farmer, became the sole breadwinner of the family. When Twum completed junior secondary school, he hawked yams to help his mother. But their living conditions worsened and Twum, fifth among six children, felt the need to work elsewhere.

科菲·图姆（Kofi Twum）几年前就踏上过移民之旅，早年丧父的他当时年仅十八岁。他的母亲是自给自足的农民，在丈夫死后成了家里唯一的经济来源。当图姆完成了基础教育之后，就开始帮母亲上街卖白薯了。然而生活却每况愈下，于是，图姆作为家里六个孩子中的老五，感到需要外出谋生路。

“I wanted to go to Italy to be able to support my mother,” Twum told Africa Renewal from his home in the town of Nkoranza in northern Ghana.

“我想去意大利，帮我母亲养活一家人，”图姆告诉《非洲振兴》。图姆家住加纳北部的恩科兰扎（Nkoranza）。

In 2014, with financial support from his brother, Twum joined a group of 35 young men on a journey through the Sahara Desert to Libya, where they were to take a boat to Europe.

2014年，在哥哥的支持下，图姆加入了一个由三十五个年轻人组成的队伍，这个队伍将跨越撒哈拉沙漠前往利比亚，然后乘船去往欧洲。

However, hopping a crowded boat out of Libya on his third attempt to cross the Mediterranean, he was arrested and deported to Ghana. He arrived empty-handed. Twum, now a street preacher in his 30s, tells Africa Renewal that he still hopes to make it to Europe one day, this time by some other route.

然而，在他第三次试图跳上一艘满载的船，打算从利比亚横跨地中海时，他遭到了逮捕并被驱逐回了加纳，于是他空手而归。已过而立之年的图姆现在是一名街头传教士，他对《非洲振兴》说，自己仍希望以后能通过其他途径前往欧洲。

A hazardous journey

艰险之旅

Most Ghanaian migrants trying to reach Europe via Libya go through Burkina Faso to Agadez, Niger. From there they join others from West Africa and other areas who are fleeing conflict and persecution.

大多数的加纳移民都会先从布基纳法索[1]到尼日尔[2]的阿加德兹市，然后再经利比亚前往欧洲。在阿加德兹市，他们会同来自非洲西部以及其他地区的移民汇合，这些人移民是为了远离冲突和迫害。

With the services of middlemen, they travel on overloaded trucks in convoys and part of the way on foot through the Sahara Desert to the Borkou region near the Libyan border. It’s a death-defying experience. Many die from exhaustion and dehydration.

在中介的帮助下，他们一会儿挤在超载的货车上，一会儿步行，直到穿越撒哈拉沙漠到达利比亚边境的波尔库地区。这是一段九死一生的旅程，期间许多人死于疲劳和脱水。

Twum recalls the human traffickers and their extortionate demands for money. Also unforgettable was the sight of many lifeless bodies abandoned in the hot Saharan Desert. “Some were leaning on the rocks, they looked like they were sleeping, others were buried in the dust,” he recalled.

让图姆难以忘怀的，不仅有掉进钱眼儿里般穷凶极恶的人贩子，还有炎热的撒哈拉沙漠里横尸的场景。“一些人的尸体靠在岩石边上，就在睡觉一样，其他的被埋沙里了，”他回忆说。

Three of his fellow travellers died. “They couldn’t continue the walk. When that happens, we try to encourage them, but after a while you have to leave them, because if you’re left behind you’ll lose your way, and you’ll soon die,” he said. “These were people I knew, we travelled together from Nkoronza. I called their families later from Tripoli to inform them.”

他的三个随行伙伴也死于途中。“他们走不动了，于是我们试着给他们打气，但是没过多久你不得不丢下他们，因为你一旦落队就会迷路，也撑不了多久，”他说，“死的都是认识的人，一起从恩科兰扎来的。我到的黎波里之后会给他们家人打电话。”

Twum’s story is all too common in the Brong Ahafo Region, with echoes across Ghana and other sub-Saharan African countries.

图姆的故事在波尔库地区太常见了，这里连接着加纳以及其他撒哈拉沙漠以南非洲国家。

During the 2011 Libyan crisis and the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi, more than 18,000 Ghanaian migrants in Libya were evacuated, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM) office in Ghana. The actual number of returnees, however, could be higher as some migrants managed to get out of Libya on their own before the crisis worsened.

据国际移民组织（IOM）加纳办事处统计，在2011年利比亚危机和卡扎菲政府被颠覆时期，在利比亚有超过1.8万加纳移民被驱逐出境。实际归国人数可能更高，因为在危机局势恶化之前，一部分移民已经预先逃离利比亚。

The majority of the returnees were sent back to the Brong Ahafo Region, from which they came, according to the IOM, which supported the Ghanaian government in evacuating its stranded nationals.

国际移民组织表示，大部分归国人员被送回了他们来时的地方，即布朗阿哈福地区。该组织参与协助了加纳政府的难民疏散行动。

For many families in Brong Ahafo, having a relative in Europe confers prestige and the prospect of remittances. “Every household hopes to have someone in Europe,” says Walter Kwao-Anati, the director of migration at Ghana’s Ministry of the Interior.

对布朗阿哈福地区的许多家庭来说，在欧洲的亲戚不仅为他们带来了声望，还有汇款。加纳内政部移民总督沃尔特·科沃阿那提表示，“家家户户都希望能在欧洲有人。”

In some cases, he adds,“There is community support for relatives to leave, because your family will belooked down upon if no one has left for Europe.”

在某些情况下，他补充说，“家里人会团结起来，为移民的亲属们提供支持，因为如果你们家在欧洲一个人都没有，会被别人瞧不起。”

And there is also the expectation of financial support to the family back home, which helps to improve the family’s living conditions. According to the African Development Bank’s African Economic Outlook 2015 report, remittances, at $64 billion in 2015, remain the most stable and important single source of external finance to Africa.

当然另一部分原因是人们期望从在欧洲的亲属那里得到经济援助，从而改善家庭的生活状况。非洲开发银行2015年非洲经济展望报告显示，2015年的汇款总额高达640亿美元，是非洲外来资金最稳定、最重要的单一来源。

But beneath the veil ofperceived prestige are bigger national development issues. Kwao-Anati admitsthat in the case of Ghana, “Poverty is one of the major reasons why peoplemigrate in search of economic opportunities.”

但是，这份声望的背后却隐藏着更大的国家发展问题。科沃阿那提承认，在加纳的例子中，“人们之所以通过移民寻求经济机遇，贫穷是最主要的原因之一。”

[1]译者注：布基纳法索，西非国家，毗邻加纳北部。

[2]译者注：尼日尔，非洲中西部国家，位于利比亚和加纳之间。