课程目标
- 理解松耦合设计思想
- 掌握面向对象设计原则
- 掌握重构技法改善设计
- 掌握GOF核心设计模式
推荐书目
- GOF 设计模式: GOF(group of four), 历史性著作"设计模式:可复用面向对象软件的基础"一书中描述了23种经典面向对象设计模式, 创立了模式在软件设计中的地位. 由于"设计模式"一书确定了设计模式的地位,通常所说的设计模式隐含地表示"面向对象设计模式". 但这并不意味"设计模式"就等于"面向对象设计模式".
深入理解面向对象
- 向下: 理解三大面向对象机制
- 封装, 隐藏内部实现
- 继承, 复用现有代码
- 多态, 改写对象行为
- 向上: 深刻把握面向对象机制所带来的抽象意义, 理解如何使用这些机制来表达现实世界, 掌握什么是"好的面向对象设计"
软件设计复杂的根本原因 ---- 变化
- 客户需求的变化
- 技术平台的变化
- 开发团队的变化
- 市场环境的变化
……
如何解决复杂性?
-
分解
- 人们面对复杂性有一个常见的做法:即分而治之,将大问题分解为多个小问题,将复杂问题分解为多个简单问题。
-
抽象
- 更高层次来讲,人们处理复杂性有一个通用的技术,即抽象出由于不能掌握全部的复杂对象,我们选择忽视它的非本质细节,而去处理泛化和理想化了的对象模型。
重要的建立一些思想和模型
- 更高层次来讲,人们处理复杂性有一个通用的技术,即抽象出由于不能掌握全部的复杂对象,我们选择忽视它的非本质细节,而去处理泛化和理想化了的对象模型。
重新认识面向对象
- 理解隔离变化
- 从宏观层面来看,面向对象的构建方式更能适应软件的变化,能将变化所带来的影响减为最小。
- 各司其职
- 从微观层面来看,面向对象的方式更强调各类的“责任”
- 由于需求变化导致的新增类型不应该影响原来类型的实现——是所谓各负其责
- 对象是什么?
- 从语言实现层面来看,对象封装了代码和数据。
- 从规格层面讲,对象是一系列可被使用的公共接口。
- 从概念层面讲,对象是某种拥有责任的抽象
面向对象设计原则1
- 依赖倒置原则(DIP)
- 高层模块(稳定)不应依赖于低层模块(变化),二者应该依赖于抽象(稳定)。
- 抽象(稳定)不应该依赖于实现细节(变化),实现细节应该依赖于抽象(稳定)。
面向对象设计原则2
- 开放封闭原则(OCP)
- 对扩展开放,对更改封闭。
- 类模块应该是可扩展的,但是不可修改。
面向对象设计原则3
- 单一职责原则(SRP)
- 一个类应该仅有一个引起它变化的原因。
- 变化的方向隐含着类的责任。
面向对象设计原则4
- Liskov替换原则(LSP)
- 子类必须能够替换它们的基类(IS-A)。
- 继承表达类型抽象。
面向对象设计原则5
- 接口隔离原则(ISP)
- 不应该强迫客户依赖它们不用的方法。
- 接口应该小而完备。
一旦产生依赖,就必须保持稳定。
面向对象设计原则6
- 优先使用对象组合,而不是类继承
- 类继承通常为“白箱复用”,对象组合通常为“黑箱复用”。
- 继承在某种程度上破坏了封装性,子类父类耦合度高。
- 而对象组合则要求被组合的对象具有良好定义的接口耦合度低。
面向对象设计原则7
- 封装变化点
- 使用封装来创建对象之间的分界层,让设计者可以在分界层的一侧进行修改,而不会对另一侧产生不良影响从而实现层次间的松耦合。
面向对象设计原则8
- 针对接口编程,而不是针对实现变成
- 不将变量类型声明为某个特定的具体类,而是声明为某个接口。
- 客户程序无需获知对象的具体类型,只需要知道对象所具有的接口。
- 减少系统中各部分的依赖关系,从而实现“高内聚、松耦合”的类型设计方案。
GOF-23 模式分类
从封装变化角度对模式分类
Template Method
摘自GOF
- Intent:
Define the skeleton of an algorithm in an operation, deferring some steps to subclasses. Template Method lets subclasses redefine certain steps of an algorithm without changing the algorithm's structure.- Application:
The Template Method pattern should be used
- to implement the invariant parts of an algorithm once and leave it up to
subclasses to implement the behavior that can vary.- when common behavior among subclasses should be factored and localized in a common class to avoid code duplication. This is a good example of "refactoring to generalize" as described by Opdyke and Johnson [OJ93]. You first identify the differences in the existing code and then separate the differences into new operations. Finally, you replace the differing code with a template method that calls one of these new operations.
- to control subclasses extensions. You can define a template method that calls "hook" operations (see Consequences) at specific points, thereby permitting extensions only at those points.
Strategy
摘自GOF
- Intent
Define a family of algorithms, encapsulate each one, and make them interchangeable. Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it.- Applicability
Use the Strategy pattern when
- many related classes differ only in their behavior. Strategies provide a way to configure a class with one of many behaviors.
- you need different variants of an algorithm. For example, you might define
algorithms reflecting different space/time trade-offs. Strategies can be used when these variants are implemented as a class hierarchy of algorithms [HO87].- an algorithm uses data that clients shouldn't know about. Use the Strategy
pattern to avoid exposing complex, algorithm-specific data structures.- a class defines many behaviors, and these appear as multiple conditional
statements in its operations. Instead of many conditionals, move related
conditional branches into their own Strategy class.
Observer
- Intent
Define a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.- Applicability
Use the Observer pattern in any of the following situations:
- When an abstraction has two aspects, one dependent on the other. Encapsulating these aspects in separate objects lets you vary and reuse them independently.
- When a change to one object requires changing others, and you don't know how many objects need to be changed.
- When an object should be able to notify other objects without making assumptions about who these objects are. In other words, you don't want these objects tightly coupled.
Decorator
- Intent
Attach additional responsibilities to an object dynamically. Decorators provide a flexible alternative to subclassing for extending functionality.- Applicability
Use Decorator
- to add responsibilities to individual objects dynamically and transparently, that is, without affecting other objects.
- for responsibilities that can be withdrawn.
- when extension by subclassing is impractical. Sometimes a large number of independent extensions are possible and would produce an explosion of subclasses to support every combination. Or a class definition may be hidden or otherwise unavailable for subclassing.