Linux学习
一、磁盘格式化
二、磁盘挂载
三、手动增加swap空间
一、 磁盘格式化
1. Linux下查看文件系统
1. [root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/filesystems
2. xfs
3. ext4
4. ext3
5. ext2
6. nodev proc
7. nodev devpts
8. iso9660
9. vfat
10. hfs
11. hfsplus
12. *
13. [root@centos7 ~]#
用mount命令查看分区的文件系统
1. [root@centos7 ~]# mount
2. sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
3. proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
4. devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,size=1823292k,nr_inodes=455823,mode=755)
5. securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
6. tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
7. devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
8. tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,mode=755)
9. tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755)
10. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)
11. pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
12. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)
13. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)
14. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)
15. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)
16. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)
17. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)
18. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)
19. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_prio,net_cls)
20. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)
21. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)
22. configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)
23. /dev/sda5 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)
24. systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=35,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)
25. mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime)
26. debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
27. hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime)
28. nfsd on /proc/fs/nfsd type nfsd (rw,relatime)
29. /dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)
30. /dev/sda2 on /home type xfs (rw,relatime,attr2,inode64,noquota)
31. sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime)
32. tmpfs on /run/user/1000 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=366744k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000)
centos7默认文件系统格式为:xfs
格式化文件命令:mke2fs
参数-t为文件系统格式;
参数-b为指定块大小;
ls -lh和du -sb命令相似;
du -sh查看的文件块大小;
1. [root@centos7 ~]# du -sh 1.txt
2. 16K 1.txt
3. [root@centos7 ~]# ls -lh 1.txt
4. -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 13K 10月 24 21:34 1.txt
5. [root@centos7 ~]# du -sb 1.txt
6. 12785 1.txt
7. [root@centos7 ~]#
man mke2fs不支持xfs文件格式
mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1把/dev/sdb1格式化为ext4格式;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]#
2. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
3. mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
4. 文件系统标签=
5. OS type: Linux
6. 块大小=4096 (log=2)
7. 分块大小=4096 (log=2)
8. Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
9. 131072 inodes, 524288 blocks
10. 26214 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
11. 第一个数据块=0
12. Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
13. 16 block groups
14. 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
15. 8192 inodes per group
16. Superblock backups stored on blocks:
17. 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
18. Allocating group tables: 完成
19. 正在写入inode表: 完成
20. Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
21. Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
mke2fs - create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem 不支持xfs格式;
mkfs.ext4==mke2fs -t ext4
支持重复格式化
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1命令;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
2. mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
3. 文件系统标签=
4. OS type: Linux
5. 块大小=4096 (log=2)
6. 分块大小=4096 (log=2)
7. Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
8. 131072 inodes, 524288 blocks
9. 26214 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
10. 第一个数据块=0
11. Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
12. 16 block groups
13. 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
14. 8192 inodes per group
15. Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16. 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
17. Allocating group tables: 完成
18. 正在写入inode表: 完成
19. Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
20. Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
可以使用mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1,如果格式为ext4时,使用mkfs.xfs命令需要加 -f参数(force);
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
2. mkfs.xfs: /dev/sdb1 appears to contain an existing filesystem (ext4).
3. mkfs.xfs: Use the -f option to force overwrite.
4. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdb1
5. meta-data=/dev/sdb1 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=131072 blks
6. = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
7. = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
8. data = bsize=4096 blocks=524288, imaxpct=25
9. = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
10. naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
11. log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
12. = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
13. realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
格式化完成后用mount命令看不到/dev/sdb1的文件格式,因为sdb磁盘还没有任何挂载点;
查看/dev/sdb1文件格式需使用blkid命令查看blkid /dev/sdb1;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# blkid /dev/sdb1
2. /dev/sdb1: UUID="b2c8d1c9-7c0e-4aff-bdfe-39cd11fed43a" TYPE="xfs"
2、mkfs.ext4==mke2fs -t ext4;mke2fs -b 8192 /dev/sdb1,指定文件块为8192(4的倍数),如果存放的是大文件(视频、语言)可以指定大的文件块,这样存储速率高;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mke2fs -b 8192 /dev/sdb1
2. Warning: blocksize 8192 not usable on most systems.
3. mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
4. mke2fs: 8192-byte blocks too big for system (max 4096)
5. 无论如何也要继续? (y,n) n
6. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mke2fs -b 2048 /dev/sdb1
7. mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
8. 文件系统标签=
9. OS type: Linux
10. 块大小=2048 (log=1)
11. 分块大小=2048 (log=1)
12. Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
13. 131072 inodes, 1048576 blocks
14. 52428 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
15. 第一个数据块=0
16. Maximum filesystem blocks=537919488
17. 64 block groups
18. 16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments per group
19. 2048 inodes per group
20. Superblock backups stored on blocks:
21. 16384, 49152, 81920, 114688, 147456, 409600, 442368, 802816
22. Allocating group tables: 完成
23. 正在写入inode表: 完成
24. Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
参数-m指定root用户预留空间
mke2fs -m 0.1 /dev/sdb1
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mke2fs -m 0.1 /dev/sdb1
2. mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
3. 文件系统标签=
4. OS type: Linux
5. 块大小=4096 (log=2)
6. 分块大小=4096 (log=2)
7. Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
8. 131072 inodes, 524288 blocks
9. 524 blocks (0.10%) reserved for the super user
10. 第一个数据块=0
11. Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
12. 16 block groups
13. 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
14. 8192 inodes per group
15. Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16. 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
17. Allocating group tables: 完成
18. 正在写入inode表: 完成
19. Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
mkfs.ext4和mke2fs -t ext4支持的格式是一样的;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mkfs.ext4 -m 0.1 /dev/sdb1
2. mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
3. 文件系统标签=
4. OS type: Linux
5. 块大小=4096 (log=2)
6. 分块大小=4096 (log=2)
7. Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
8. 131072 inodes, 524288 blocks
9. 524 blocks (0.10%) reserved for the super user
10. 第一个数据块=0
11. Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
12. 16 block groups
13. 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
14. 8192 inodes per group
15. Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16. 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
17. Allocating group tables: 完成
18. 正在写入inode表: 完成
19. Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
20. Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
21. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mke2fs -t ext4 -m 0.1 /dev/sdb1
22. mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
23. 文件系统标签=
24. OS type: Linux
25. 块大小=4096 (log=2)
26. 分块大小=4096 (log=2)
27. Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
28. 131072 inodes, 524288 blocks
29. 524 blocks (0.10%) reserved for the super user
30. 第一个数据块=0
31. Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
32. 16 block groups
33. 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
34. 8192 inodes per group
35. Superblock backups stored on blocks:
36. 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
37. Allocating group tables: 完成
38. 正在写入inode表: 完成
39. Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
40. Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
mkefs -i参数指定多少个字节对应一个inode;
格式:mke2fs -i 8192 -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mke2fs -i 8192 -t ext4 /dev/sdb1
2. mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
3. 文件系统标签=
4. OS type: Linux
5. 块大小=4096 (log=2)
6. 分块大小=4096 (log=2)
7. Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
8. 262144 inodes, 524288 blocks
9. 26214 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
10. 第一个数据块=0
11. Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912
12. 16 block groups
13. 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
14. 16384 inodes per group
15. Superblock backups stored on blocks:
16. 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912
17. Allocating group tables: 完成
18. 正在写入inode表: 完成
19. Creating journal (16384 blocks): 完成
20. Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
mke2fs常用参数:-b指定块大小,-m指定预留空间,-i指定多少字节对应一个inode(最低只能支持一个块对应一个inode),-t指定格式;
二、磁盘挂载
一个磁盘不分区也可以直接格式化,只有格式化才能挂载;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/sdb
2. meta-data=/dev/sdb isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=655360 blks
3. = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
4. = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
5. data = bsize=4096 blocks=2621440, imaxpct=25
6. = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
7. naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
8. log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2
9. = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
10. realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
11. [root@centos7-01 ~]# blkid
12. /dev/sda1: UUID="4c1ae631-2b19-464d-b226-1da717f58b96" TYPE="xfs"
13. /dev/sda2: UUID="Rpf1Lw-oScG-iE7T-Y3S1-nGUD-UK17-s6kDL4" TYPE="LVM2_member"
14. /dev/mapper/cl-root: UUID="887ddb0f-3885-480e-88e0-a6f486926a44" TYPE="xfs"
15. /dev/mapper/cl-swap: UUID="91c60fb8-c8e0-419d-9462-5631f2883501" TYPE="swap"
16. /dev/sdb: UUID="1c52d474-f007-4f40-be15-32f5ea3f5ab8" TYPE="xfs"
挂载命令:mount;格式:mount /dev/sdb /mnt/
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/
2. [root@centos7-01 ~]# df -h
3. 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
4. /dev/mapper/cl-root 28G 1.2G 27G 5% /
5. devtmpfs 478M 0 478M 0% /dev
6. tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm
7. tmpfs 489M 6.7M 482M 2% /run
8. tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
9. /dev/sda1 197M 117M 81M 60% /boot
10. tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
11. /dev/sdb 10G 33M 10G 1% /mnt
12. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mount
13. sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)
14. proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
15. devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=489000k,nr_inodes=122250,mode=755)
16. securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
17. tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel)
18. devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
19. tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,mode=755)
20. tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,seclabel,mode=755)
21. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd)
22. pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
23. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event)
24. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset)
25. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_prio,net_cls)
26. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu)
27. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb)
28. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer)
29. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices)
30. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio)
31. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids)
32. cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory)
33. configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime)
34. /dev/mapper/cl-root on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)
35. selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)
36. systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=25,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct)
37. debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime)
38. mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime,seclabel)
39. hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,seclabel)
40. /dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)
41. tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,seclabel,size=100000k,mode=700)
42. /dev/sdb on /mnt type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota)
在挂载点/mnt/下添加文件及目录;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# cd /mnt/
2. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# touch 1.txt
3. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# mkdir -pv 1/2/3/4
4. mkdir: 已创建目录 "1"
5. mkdir: 已创建目录 "1/2"
6. mkdir: 已创建目录 "1/2/3"
7. mkdir: 已创建目录 "1/2/3/4"
8. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# ls
9. 1 1.txt
卸载挂载点 umount /dev/sdb,提示目标忙是因为当前位置在目标目录中;
cd退出当前目录,然后在umount /dev/sdb,df -h没有任何挂载信息;
1. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# umount /dev/sdb
2. umount: /mnt:目标忙。
3. (有些情况下通过 lsof(8) 或 fuser(1) 可以
4. 找到有关使用该设备的进程的有用信息)
5. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# cd
6. [root@centos7-01 ~]# umount /dev/sdb
7. [root@centos7-01 ~]# df -h
8. 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
9. /dev/mapper/cl-root 28G 1.2G 27G 5% /
10. devtmpfs 478M 0 478M 0% /dev
11. tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm
12. tmpfs 489M 6.7M 482M 2% /run
13. tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
14. /dev/sda1 197M 117M 81M 60% /boot
15. tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
umount -l /dev/sdb 参数-l可以直接在mnt下卸载挂载;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mount /dev/sdb /mnt/
2. [root@centos7-01 ~]# cd /mnt/
3. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# ls
4. 1 1.txt
5. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# umount -l /dev/sdb
6. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# ls
7. 1 1.txt
8. [root@centos7-01 mnt]# df -h
9. 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
10. /dev/mapper/cl-root 28G 1.2G 27G 5% /
11. devtmpfs 478M 0 478M 0% /dev
12. tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm
13. tmpfs 489M 6.7M 482M 2% /run
14. tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
15. /dev/sda1 197M 117M 81M 60% /boot
16. tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
磁盘挂载的参数选项,mount -o remount 重新挂载;参数-o后面跟选项;
vi /etc/fstab
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# cat /etc/fstab
2. #
3. # /etc/fstab
4. # Created by anaconda on Mon Oct 16 22:44:37 2017
5. #
6. # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
7. # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
8. #
9. /dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
10. UUID=4c1ae631-2b19-464d-b226-1da717f58b96 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
11. /dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
从左到右,第一列可以是uuid也可以是/dev/sdb
第二列:挂载点
第三列:分区格式
第四列:挂载选项(默认是defaults)
第五列:表示是否备份(dump,1表示备份,0表示不备份)
第六列:优先级,系统启动时是否检测磁盘(0表示不检测,1和2都表示检测,1的级别高表示根分区)
1. # /etc/fstab
2. # Created by anaconda on Mon Oct 16 22:44:37 2017
3. #
4. # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
5. # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
6. #
7. /dev/mapper/cl-root / xfs defaults 0 0
8. UUID=4c1ae631-2b19-464d-b226-1da717f58b96 /boot xfs defaults 0 0
9. /dev/mapper/cl-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
10. /dev/sdb /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
也可以直接挂载uuid,用blkid查看要/dev/sdb的uuid,然后mount 挂载到/mnt/下;
1. [root@centos7-01 ~]# blkid
2. /dev/sda1: UUID="4c1ae631-2b19-464d-b226-1da717f58b96" TYPE="xfs"
3. /dev/sda2: UUID="Rpf1Lw-oScG-iE7T-Y3S1-nGUD-UK17-s6kDL4" TYPE="LVM2_member"
4. /dev/mapper/cl-root: UUID="887ddb0f-3885-480e-88e0-a6f486926a44" TYPE="xfs"
5. /dev/mapper/cl-swap: UUID="91c60fb8-c8e0-419d-9462-5631f2883501" TYPE="swap"
6. /dev/sdb: UUID="1c52d474-f007-4f40-be15-32f5ea3f5ab8" TYPE="xfs"
7. [root@centos7-01 ~]# mount UUID="1c52d474-f007-4f40-be15-32f5ea3f5ab8" /mnt
8. [root@centos7-01 ~]# df -h
9. 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点
10. /dev/mapper/cl-root 28G 1.2G 27G 5% /
11. devtmpfs 478M 0 478M 0% /dev
12. tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /dev/shm
13. tmpfs 489M 6.7M 482M 2% /run
14. tmpfs 489M 0 489M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
15. /dev/sda1 197M 117M 81M 60% /boot
16. tmpfs 98M 0 98M 0% /run/user/0
17. /dev/sdb 10G 33M 10G 1% /mnt
三、手动增加swap空间
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/newdisk bs=1M count=100
dd命令是用来操作磁盘读写的;
if命令指定从哪里去读(指定源设备);
zero是Linux里的造零器,/dev/zero是一个特殊设备,里面有源源不断的“0”;
of指定目标设备写入到/tmp/下;
格式化swap命令:mkswap -f /tmp/newdisk;
swapon命令加载到现有的swap上;
0644权限提示不安全,chomd 0600 /tmp/newdisk
free -m命令查看swap状态
卸载swap命令:swapoff /tmp/newdisk
[root@centos7-01 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/newdisk bs=1M count=100
记录了100+0 的读入
记录了100+0 的写出
104857600字节(105 MB)已复制,0.327211 秒,320 MB/秒
[root@centos7-01 ~]# du -sh /tmp/newdisk
100M /tmp/newdisk
[root@centos7-01 ~]# mkswap -f /tmp/newdisk
正在设置交换空间版本 1,大小 = 102396 KiB
无标签,UUID=5a06de81-0c94-4ae9-9793-861667e1b340
[root@centos7-01 ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 976 116 571 6 288 677
Swap: 2047 0 2047
[root@centos7-01 ~]# swapon /tmp/newdisk
swapon: /tmp/newdisk:不安全的权限 0644,建议使用 0600。
[root@centos7-01 ~]# chmod 0600 /tmp/newdisk
[root@centos7-01 ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 976 117 571 6 288 677
Swap: 2147 0 2147
[root@centos7-01 ~]# swapoff /tmp/newdisk
[root@centos7-01 ~]# rm -f /tmp/newdisk