区分开放和保守主义者是很容易的，因为他们截然不同。下面有一些线索用来判断你或者他人是否是保守主义者。
It’s easy to tell an open-minded person from a closed-minded person because they act very differently. Here are some cues to tell you whether you or others are being closed-minded:
1、 保守主义者通常不会接受他们的想法被挑战。他们通常会被不同意见者而大受挫折，而不是好奇为什么会有不同意见。做错事为让他们备受打击，他们对证明自己的正确更有兴趣而不是提问和学习他人的观点。
而开放主义者则更好奇为什么会有不同意见，他们并不生气，他们知道自己不总是正确的，花一点时间思考他人的观点以确保没有错漏或犯错是值得的。
1. Closed-minded people don’t want their ideas challenged. They are typically frustrated that they can’t get the other person to agree with them instead of curious as to why the other person disagrees. They feel bad about getting something wrong and are more interested in being proven right than in asking questions and learning others’ perspectives.
Open-minded people are more curious about why there is disagreement. They are not angry when someone disagrees. They understand that there is always the possibility that they might be wrong and that it’s worth the little bit of time it takes to consider the other person’s views in order to be sure they aren’t missing something or making a mistake.
2、 保守主义者更倾向于下结论而不是提问。而基于可信依据的观点是在一定环境下的，真正的开放主义者即使是我认识的最靠的人，也总是会问很多问题。而令人难以置信的是 ，他们总是告诉我他们的结论实际上很明显是存在问题的，尽管他们一贯采用比较低调的结论。尽管有时是对的，但依据我的经验大多数不是这样。
开放主义者通常相信自己可能犯错；他们的问题也是正式的。他们也会评估相对可信度以决定他们的主要角色应该是一个学生，老师或同行。
2. Closed-minded people are more likely to make statements than ask questions. While believability entitles you to make statements in certain circumstances, truly open-minded people, even the most believable people I know, always ask a lot of questions. Nonbelievable people often tell me that their statements are actually implicit questions, though they’re phrased as low-confidence statements. While that’s sometimes true, in my experience it’s more often not.
Open-minded people genuinely believe they could be wrong; the questions that they ask are genuine. They also assess their relative believability to determine whether their primary role should be as a student, a teacher, or a peer.
3、 保守主义者更多关注被理解而不是理解他人。当有人不同意，他们倾向于认为自己不被理解，而不是思考为何他们不能理解他人的视角。
开放主义者则总是强迫自己换位思考。
3. Closed-minded people focus much more on being understood than on understanding others. When people disagree, they tend to be quicker to assume that they aren’t being understood than to consider whether they’re the ones who are not understanding the other person’s perspective.
Open-minded people always feel compelled to see things through others’ eyes.
4、 保守主义者会这样说“我可能会犯错，但这是我的观点” 这是我长久以来听到的经典说辞。如果你的陈述从“我可能错了”或者“我不敢相信”开始，那么接下来你有很大可能是一个问题而不是结论。
开放主义者知道何时下结论何时提问题。
4. Closed-minded people say things like “I could be wrong . . . but here’s my opinion.” This is a classic cue I hear all the time. It’s often a perfunctory gesture that allows people to hold their own opinion while convincing themselves that they are being open-minded. If your statement starts with “I could be wrong” or “I’m not believable,” you should probably follow it with a question and not an assertion.
Open-minded people know when to make statements and when to ask questions.
5、 保守主义者会阻止他人发声。就像在一场辩论当中不给他人留有余地，只要有设置障碍的可能，他们就会绕过阻塞，加强我早些时候提过的“两分钟规则”。
开放主义者总是更有兴趣倾听而不是发言；他们鼓励其他人表达自己的观点。
5. Closed-minded people block others from speaking. If it seems like someone isn’t leaving space for the other person in a conversation, it’s possible they are blocking. To get around blocking, enforce the “two-minute rule” I mentioned earlier.
Open-minded people are always more interested in listening than in speaking; they encourage others to voice their views.
6、 保守主义者很难同时接受两种以上的不同的想法。他们只会允许自己的观点存在。
而开放主义者则能在接纳他人观点的同时冷静的思考-他们能同时接纳两种或者更多互相冲突的概念，并在他们之间徜徉，以评估彼此的优点。
6. Closed-minded people have trouble holding two thoughts simultaneously in their minds. They allow their own view to crowd out those of others.
Open-minded people can take in the thoughts of others without losing their ability to think well—they can hold two or more conflicting concepts in their mind and go back and forth between them to assess their relative merits.
7、 保守主义者缺乏深度思考的谦虚。而谦卑通常来自失败，而这种失败的 经验可能引导开放主义者明白自己不知道的开明注意力。
开放主义者面对任何事物都有一种深深的恐惧—自己对于事物的认知可能是错的。
一旦你能区分两者，你会发现自己想要的是和开放主义者共事。这样做不但能让你做决策更加高效同时能学到很多。极少数好的决策制定者高效协作会产生远超一个人单打独斗的成果—即使最好的决策者也能在其他优秀决策者的帮助下取得显著的提高。
7. Closed-minded people lack a deep sense of humility. Humility typically comes from an experience of crashing, which leads to an enlightened focus on knowing what one doesn’t know.
Open-minded people approach everything with a deep-seated fear that they may be wrong.
Once you can sort out open-minded from closed-minded people, you’ll find that you want to surround yourself with open-minded ones. Doing so will not only make your decision making more effective but you’ll also learn a tremendous amount. A few good decision makers working effectively together can significantly outperform a good decision maker working alone—and even the best decision maker can significantly improve his or her decision making with the help of other excellent decision makers.
