It is a mistake to look too far ahead. Only one link in the chain of destiny can be handled at a time.
------Winston Churchill
1. 因果关系

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2. 举例关系
| 单词/词组 | 解释 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| take/consider...for example | 以...为例 | +名词 |
| In some cases, | 一些例子中 | 句首,+从句 |
| for instance, | 比如, | 句中/句首 |
| such as | 比如, | 句中,+名词 |
| This point is best illustrated with the example of... | 这个观点可以用...的例子有力证明 | +名词 |
| This point can be confirmed by the example of... | 这个观点可以用...的例子有力支持 | +名词 |
| ... is a case in point. | ...是一个恰当的例子 | +名词 |
3. 类比/对比关系
-
类比
单词 说明 Similarly, 句首,+句子 Likewise, 句首,+句子 By the same token, "同理" The same is true of... 句首,+名词 -
对比
单词 说明 while 句首/句中 whilst 句首/句中 whereas 句首/句中 By/In contrast, 句首 On the other hand, 句首 On the contrary, 句首 Contrary to..., 句首,加名词 rather than 句中 instead of 句中 Rather/Instead, 句首
4. 让步关系
| 单词 | 解释 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| despite | 尽管 | +名词/代词 |
| in spite of | 尽管 | +名词/代词 |
| notwithstanding | 尽管 | +名词/代词 |
| nonetheless | 但是,然而 | +完整句子 |
| nevertheless | 但是,然而 | +完整句子 |
| although/even though | 尽管 | +从句,对已经存在状况让步 |
| even if | 尽管 | +从句,对已还未发生的状况让步 |
| albeit | 尽管 | +形容词/副词/名词,句中 |
| as long as | 只要 | 句中 |
| Admittedly/Granted,....But/However/Even so, | 诚然 | 句首 |
| No matter how/when/what | 无论怎样 | +从句,句首 |
| regardless of n./how/why/what | 无论 | +从句/名词,句中 |
| While/Whether | 尽管 | +从句,句首 |
5. 假设关系
| 单词 | 解释 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| if | 如果 | 结果是希望/不希望看到的 |
| provide that.../providing that... | 如果 | 结果是希望看到的 |
| unless... | 除非... | 结果是希望/不希望看到的 |
| otherwise,/... | 否则 | 结果是不希望看到的 |
6. 修饰关系
定语从句:that,which,who why
7. 限定关系
| 单词/词组 | 解释 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| in terms of | 从...的意义上来讲 | 句首/句中,+名词 |
| As for | 至于,谈及 | 句首, +名词 |
| When it comes to... | 谈到... | 句首, +名词 |
| regarding/concerning | 关于... | 句首/句中,+名词 |
| with respect to/ with regard to | 关于... | 句首/句中,+名词 |
8. 下定义关系
| 词组 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| A means... | A意味着 |
| A refers to... | A指的是 |
| A suggests that... | A提示/暗示出 |
| A constitutes... | A构成/组成 |
| A is best characterized by... | A最重要的特征是 |
| A is , essentially,... | A本质上是 |
| A reflect... | A反应了 |
| A represents... | A代表了 |
9. 换种关系
| 单词/词组 | 解释 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|
| In other words, | 换句话说 | 句首 |
| ---that is/ that is to say, | 即 | 句中 |
| ---i.e., | 也就是说 | 句中 |
| By that I mean... | 那样说我的意思是 | 句首 |
| What is meant by that is ... | 那样说的意思是 | 句首 |