Java线程:线程的创建

线程的创建

  1. Java语言的JVM允许程序运行多个线程,它通过java.lang.Thread 类来体现。
  2. Thread类的特性 :
    • 每个线程都是通过某个特定Thread对象的run()方法来完成操作的,经常把run()方法的主体称为线程体。
    • 通过该Thread对象的start()方法来启动这个线程,而非直接调用run()。

方式一:继承Thread类

  1. 定义子类继承Thread类。
  2. 子类中重写Thread类中的run()方法。
  3. 创建Thread子类对象,即创建了线程对象。
  4. 调用线程对象start()方法:启动线程,调用run()方法。

示例代码:

public class ThreadDemo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        
        MyThread mythread = new MyThread();
        mythread.start();
        
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            System.out.println("The thread 0 is running.");
        
    }
}

class MyThread extends Thread {
    public MyThread() {
        super();
    }

    public void run() {

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            System.out.println("The thread 1 is running.");
    }
}

输出:

The thread 1 is running.
The thread 1 is running.
The thread 1 is running.
The thread 1 is running.
The thread 1 is running.
The thread 1 is running.
The thread 1 is running.
The thread 1 is running.
The thread 1 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 0 is running.
The thread 1 is running.

方式二:实现Runnable接口

  1. 定义子类,实现Runnable接口。
  2. 子类中重写Runnable接口中的run()方法。
  3. 通过Thread类含参构造器创建线程对象。
  4. 将Runnable接口的子类对象作为实际参数传递给Thread类的构造器中。
  5. 调用Thread类的start()方法:开启线程,调用Runnable子类接口的run()方法。
public class ThreadDemo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        MyThread1 myThread1 = new MyThread1();
        Thread t1 = new Thread(myThread1);
        Thread t2= new Thread(myThread1);
        t1.start();
        t2.start();

        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            System.out.println(String.format("%s : is running.", Thread.currentThread().getName()));

    }
}
public class MyThread1 extends Thread implements Runnable {

    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
            System.out.println(String.format("%s : is running.", Thread.currentThread().getName()));
    }
}

Thread-1 : is running.
main : is running.
Thread-1 : is running.
Thread-2 : is running.
Thread-1 : is running.
main : is running.
Thread-1 : is running.
main : is running.
Thread-2 : is running.
Thread-1 : is running.
Thread-2 : is running.

继承方式和实现方式的联系与区别:

public class Thread extends Object implements Runnable
  • 区别
    1. 继承Thread:线程代码存放Thread子类run()方法中。
    2. 实现Runnable:线程代码存在接口的子类的run()方法。
  • 实现方式的好处
    1. 避免了单继承的局限性 。
    2. 多个线程可以共享同一个接口实现类的对象,非常适合多个相同线程来处理同一份资源。

方式三: 实现Callable接口

与Runnable相比

  • 相比run()方法,可以有返回值
  • 方法可以抛出异常
  • 支持泛型的返回值
  • 需要借助FutureTask类,比如获取返回结果

Future接口

  • 可以对具体Runnable、Callable任务的执行结果进行取消、查询是否完成、获取结果等。
  • FutrueTask是Futrue接口的唯一的实现类
  • FutureTask 同时实现了Runnable, Future接口。它既可以作为Runnable被线程执行,又可以作为Future得到Callable的返回值

方式四:使用线程池

背景:

经常创建和销毁、使用量特别大的资源,比如并发情况下的线程, 对性能影响很大.

思路:

提前创建好多个线程,放入线程池中,使用时直接获取,使用完放回池中。可以避免频繁创建销毁、实现重复利用。类似生活中的公共交通工具。

优点:

提高响应速度(减少了创建新线程的时间)
降低资源消耗(重复利用线程池中线程,不需要每次都创建)
便于线程管理

示例代码:

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class ThreadCallable {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        CounterTen ct = new CounterTen();
        FutureTask ft = new FutureTask(ct);
        new Thread(ft).start();

        try {
            System.out.println(ft.get());
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }

}

class CounterTen implements Callable {

    @Override
    public Object call() throws Exception {
        int[] s = new int[10];
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

            s[i] = i;
            Thread.sleep(200);
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " " + i);

        }

        return s;
    }

}

输出:

Thread-0 0
Thread-0 1
Thread-0 2
Thread-0 3
Thread-0 4
Thread-0 5
Thread-0 6
Thread-0 7
Thread-0 8
Thread-0 9
[I@1e643faf

线程池相关API

JDK5.0起提供了线程池相关API:ExecutorService和Executors

  • ExecutorService:真正的线程池接口。常见子类ThreadPoolExecutor
    • void execute(Runnable command):执行任务/命令,没有返回值,一般用来执行Runnable
    • <T>Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task):执行任务,有返回值,一般又来执行Callable
    • void shutdown():关闭连接池
  • Executors:工具类、线程池的工厂类,用于创建并返回不同类型的线程池
    • Executors.newCachedThreadPool():创建一个可根据需要创建新线程的线程池
    • Executors.newFixedThreadPool(n);创建一个可重用固定线程数的线程池
    • Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor():创建一个只有一个线程的线程池
    • Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(n):创建一个线程池,它可安排在给定延迟后运行命令或者定期地执行。

示例代码:

import java.util.concurrent.*;

public class ThreadPool {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        ExecutorService es = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
        ShowOdd so = new ShowOdd();
        ShowEven se = new ShowEven();
        es.execute(so);
        FutureTask ft = new FutureTask(se);

        es.submit(ft);
        Object obj =ft.get();
        System.out.println(obj);
        es.shutdown();
    }
}

class ShowOdd implements Runnable {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            if (i % 2 == 1) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(200);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + i);
            }
        }
    }
}

class ShowEven implements Callable {
    private int[] s = new int[5];

    @Override
    public Object call() throws Exception {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            if (i % 2 == 0) {
                s[i/2] = i;
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(200);
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + i);
            }

        }
        return s;
    }
}

输出:

pool-1-thread-1: 1
pool-1-thread-2: 0
pool-1-thread-2: 2
pool-1-thread-1: 3
pool-1-thread-2: 4
pool-1-thread-1: 5
pool-1-thread-2: 6
pool-1-thread-1: 7
pool-1-thread-1: 9
pool-1-thread-2: 8
[I@2812cbfa
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