Listening--- Talking about Modals 2

Here is the second set of modals.

PS: 这是第二组情态动词。

Here在这里，向这里; 现在; 在这一点上; 给某人东西或指出某物时说; 喂，嘿; 主动提议时说

second第二; 居第二位的; 另外的; 外加的; 以第二名; 以第二位; 第二，其次; 秒; 片刻; 瞬间; 支持，赞成; 附议; 临时调派; 短期调任

set of的; 集合; 释……的集合

modals情态动词(如can、may或will等，和实义动词连用表示可能、许可、意图等

These modals express degrees of logical force or social expectation.

PS: 这些情态表达了逻辑力量或社会期望的程度。

modals情态动词(如can、may或will等，和实义动词连用表示可能、许可、意图等); modal的复数

express表示; 表达; 表露; 显而易见; 不言自明; 特快的; 快速的; 快递的; 用快递寄送的; 提供快递服务的; 使用快速服务; 特快列车; 快件服务; 快递服务; 快运服务

degrees度，度数; 度数; 程度; degree的复数

logical必然的; 合乎情理的; 合乎常理的; 符合逻辑的; 按照逻辑的

must, had better, should, ought to.

Note that none of them has a past tense or weakened form.

The first one,"must" indicates logical or social necessity.

PS: 第一个“必须”表示逻辑或社会需要。

first第一; 最重要的; 首要的; 最优秀的; 首先; 最初; 第一次; 首次; 第一个人; 空前的成就; 前所未有的事情; 一挡，最低挡

must必须; 一定; 应该，得; 必须做的事

indicates表明; 显示; 象征; 暗示; 间接提及; 示意; indicate的第三人称单数

social社会的; 社会上的; 社会地位的; 社交的; 交际的; 联谊的; 联谊会; 联欢会

necessity必然; 必要; 需要; 必需的事物; 必需品; 必然性; 不可避免的情况

It expresses the strongest logical or social force.

The modals "should" and "ought to" assert that something is probable or expected, but not necessary.

PS: 情态动词“应该”和“应该”断言某事是可能的或预期的，但不是必要的。

assert明确肯定; 断言; 坚持自己的主张; 表现坚定; 维护自己的权利

something某事; 某物; 想来重要的事物; 大致，左右; 很，非常

probable很可能发生的; 可能获胜的人; 可能入选者

expected预料的; 预期的; 预料; 预期; 预计; 等待; 期待; 盼望; 要求; 指望; expect的过去分词和过去式

not(构成动词be、do和have及情态动词can或must等的否定形式，常缩略为n't)不，没有; 不; (用于hope、expect、believe等动词后，作为否定的回答)不

necessary必需的; 必要的; 必然的; 无法避免的; 必需品

The modal "had better" expresses advisability.

PS: 情态词“最好”表示明智。

expresses特快列车; 快件服务; 快递服务; 快运服务; 表示; 表达; 表露; 显而易见; 不言自明; express的第三人称单数和复数

advisability可劝告；适当；合理

In other words, if someone "had better" do something, they should do it or there may be negative consequences.

PS: 换言之，如果某人“最好”做某事，他们应该做，否则可能会有负面后果。

In other words换言之;换句话说;也就是说

negative坏的; 有害的; 消极的; 负面的; 缺乏热情的; 否定的; 否定词; 否定; 拒绝; 底片; 负片; 属阴性的结果; 否定…的真实性; 证伪

consequences结果; 后果; 重要性; consequence的复数

Therefore, "had better" has the feeling of a threat, as in "You had better be there."

This isn't the same as "You should do it", which means you are expected to do it, but without an implied threat if you don't.

PS: 这与“你应该做”不同，这意味着你应该做，但如果你不做，就没有隐含的威胁。

implied含有…的意思; 暗示; 暗指; 说明; 表明; 必然包含; 使有必要; imply的过去分词

Exercises:

1. Which model expresses logical or social necessity?

 must 

2. If Tom is taller than Ben and Ben is taller than Sue, then …

Tom must be taller than Sue.

One interesting rule is that no more than one modal can be used with any verb.

PS: 一个有趣的规则是，任何动词只能使用一个语气词。

no more than不过是; 仅仅

modal情态动词(如can、may或will等，和实义动词连用表示可能、许可、意图等); 模式的; 情态的; 形式的; 语气的

any(与不可数或复数名词连用，用于否定句和疑问句，也用于if或whether之后，或紧接某些动词如prevent、ban、forbid等)任何的，任一的; 任一; 非一般的; 不寻常的; (用于否定句和疑问句中或if、whether后)任何数量，任一数额; 任何一些; 一点儿也，完全，丝毫; 根本

There are no exceptions to this rule.

PS: 这条规则没有例外。

exceptions一般情况以外的人; 例外; 规则的例外; 例外的事物; exception的复数

Therefore, it's incorrect to say: "He will must be there."

To avoid breaking this rule, there are other words that have the same meaning, but are not modals.

In the case of "must", for example, we use "have to" as in "He will have to be there."

Similarly, we cannot say "He may can come."

Instead, we say "He may be able to come."

Exercises:

1.What is anther way saying "what do we have to do"?

what must we do ?

2.Which expression has the same meaning as "can", but isn't a modal?

be able to

One last thing to note about modals.

They use the same form regardless of what the subject is.

PS: 不管主题是什么，他们都使用相同的形式。

regardless of不管; 不顾; 不理会

If the grammatical subject is l, it, we or they, we use the same form, will.

PS: 如果语法主语是l，它，we或they，我们使用相同的形式，will。

We would never say "He wills be there."

But with non-modal forms, such as "have to" we must change the form to match the subject.

"He has to be there" and "I have to be there".

Exercises:

1. The modal "may" shows that the speaker thinks something is possible.

2.Tom must be taller than Sue because Tom is taller than Ben and Ben is taller than Sue.

3. The model "must" expresses logical or social necessity.

4. The modal "could" expresses less potential than "can", and is often used in conditionals.

5.The modal "had better"  means you are expected to do it, but without an implied threat.

6. One interesting rule is that no more than one modal can be used with any verb.

7. He left an hour ago, so he should be there by now since he's had plenty of time to get there.

8.“What must we do?” has the same meaning as “what do we have to do?”

9. The expression “be able to” has the same meaning as “can”, but isn’t a modal.