为什么需要动态代理?
- 如spring等这样的框架，要增强具体业务的逻辑方法，不可能在框架里面去写一个静态代理类，只能按照用户的注解或者xml配置来动态生成代理类。
- 业务代码内，当需要增强的业务逻辑非常通用（如:添加log，重试，统一权限判断等）时，使用动态代理将会非常简单，如果每个方法增强逻辑不同，那么静态代理更加适合。
- 使用静态代理时，如果代理类和被代理类同时实现了一个接口，当接口方法有变动时，代理类也必须同时修改。
java字节码生成方案（还有好些不怎么流行的框架）
- asm，底层字节码框架，操纵的级别是底层JVM的汇编指令级别，这要求ASM使用者要对class组织结构和JVM汇编指令有一定的了解。
需要对字节码的结构，语法含义等十分了解，所以只贴上一点示例,如果希望通过asm生成下面这样一个class.
package com.samples;
import java.io.PrintStream;
public class Programmer {
public void code()
{
System.out.println("I'm a Programmer,Just Coding.....");
}
}
使用ASM框架提供了ClassWriter 接口，通过访问者模式进行动态创建class字节码，看下面的例子：
package samples;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter;
import org.objectweb.asm.MethodVisitor;
import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes;
public class MyGenerator {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
System.out.println();
ClassWriter classWriter = new ClassWriter(0);
// 通过visit方法确定类的头部信息
classWriter.visit(Opcodes.V1_7,// java版本
Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC,// 类修饰符
"Programmer", // 类的全限定名
null, "java/lang/Object", null);
//创建构造函数
MethodVisitor mv = classWriter.visitMethod(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, "<init>", "()V", null, null);
mv.visitCode();
mv.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ALOAD, 0);
mv.visitMethodInsn(Opcodes.INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Object", "<init>","()V");
mv.visitInsn(Opcodes.RETURN);
mv.visitMaxs(1, 1);
mv.visitEnd();
// 定义code方法
MethodVisitor methodVisitor = classWriter.visitMethod(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, "code", "()V",
null, null);
methodVisitor.visitCode();
methodVisitor.visitFieldInsn(Opcodes.GETSTATIC, "java/lang/System", "out",
"Ljava/io/PrintStream;");
methodVisitor.visitLdcInsn("I'm a Programmer,Just Coding.....");
methodVisitor.visitMethodInsn(Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL, "java/io/PrintStream", "println",
"(Ljava/lang/String;)V");
methodVisitor.visitInsn(Opcodes.RETURN);
methodVisitor.visitMaxs(2, 2);
methodVisitor.visitEnd();
classWriter.visitEnd();
// 使classWriter类已经完成
// 将classWriter转换成字节数组写到文件里面去
byte[] data = classWriter.toByteArray();
File file = new File("D://Programmer.class");
FileOutputStream fout = new FileOutputStream(file);
fout.write(data);
fout.close();
}
}
- javassist,它是一个开源的分析、编辑和创建Java字节码的类库。是由东京工业大学的数学和计算机科学系的 Shigeru Chiba （千叶 滋）所创建的。它已加入了开放源代码JBoss 应用服务器项目,通过使用Javassist对字节码操作为JBoss实现动态AOP框架。javassist是jboss的一个子项目，其主要的优点，在于简单，而且快速。直接使用java编码的形式，而不需要了解虚拟机指令，就能动态改变类的结构，或者动态生成类。
下面通过Javassist创建上述的Programmer类：
import javassist.ClassPool;
import javassist.CtClass;
import javassist.CtMethod;
import javassist.CtNewMethod;
public class MyGenerator {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
ClassPool pool = ClassPool.getDefault();
//创建Programmer类
CtClass cc= pool.makeClass("com.samples.Programmer");
//定义code方法
CtMethod method = CtNewMethod.make("public void code(){}", cc);
//插入方法代码
method.insertBefore("System.out.println(\"I'm a Programmer,Just Coding.....\");");
cc.addMethod(method);
//保存生成的字节码
cc.writeFile("d://temp");
}
}
cglib,它广泛的被许多AOP的框架使用，例如Spring AOP和dynaop，为他们提供方法的interception（拦截）。最流行的OR Mapping工具hibernate也使用CGLIB来代理单端single-ended(多对一和一对一)关联（对集合的延迟抓取，是采用其他机制实现的）。EasyMock和jMock是通过使用模仿（moke）对象来测试java代码的包。它们都通过使用CGLIB来为那些没有接口的类创建模仿（moke）对象。[现在cglib好像不怎么维护了，javassist比较火爆]
jdk (jdk动态代理根据interface,生成的代理类会被缓存，每个接口只会生成一个代理类)
动态代理实现方案
首先定义一个接口和一个类：
public interface CountService {
int count();
}
public class CountServiceImpl implements CountService {
private int count = 0;
public int count() {
return count ++;
}
}
- 直接使用asm在被代理类基础上生成新的字节码形成代理类
private static CountService createAsmBytecodeDynamicProxy(CountService delegate) throws Exception {
ClassWriter classWriter = new ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES | ClassWriter.COMPUTE_MAXS);
String className = CountService.class.getName() + "AsmProxy";
String classPath = className.replace('.', '/');
String interfacePath = CountService.class.getName().replace('.', '/');
classWriter.visit(Opcodes.V1_5, Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, classPath, null, "java/lang/Object", new String[] {interfacePath});
MethodVisitor initVisitor = classWriter.visitMethod(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, "<init>", "()V", null, null);
initVisitor.visitCode();
initVisitor.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ALOAD, 0);
initVisitor.visitMethodInsn(Opcodes.INVOKESPECIAL, "java/lang/Object", "<init>", "()V");
initVisitor.visitInsn(Opcodes.RETURN);
initVisitor.visitMaxs(0, 0);
initVisitor.visitEnd();
FieldVisitor fieldVisitor = classWriter.visitField(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, "delegate", "L" + interfacePath + ";", null, null);
fieldVisitor.visitEnd();
MethodVisitor methodVisitor = classWriter.visitMethod(Opcodes.ACC_PUBLIC, "count", "()I", null, null);
methodVisitor.visitCode();
methodVisitor.visitVarInsn(Opcodes.ALOAD, 0);
methodVisitor.visitFieldInsn(Opcodes.GETFIELD, classPath, "delegate", "L" + interfacePath + ";");
methodVisitor.visitMethodInsn(Opcodes.INVOKEINTERFACE, interfacePath, "count", "()I");
methodVisitor.visitInsn(Opcodes.IRETURN);
methodVisitor.visitMaxs(0, 0);
methodVisitor.visitEnd();
classWriter.visitEnd();
byte[] code = classWriter.toByteArray();
CountService bytecodeProxy = (CountService) new ByteArrayClassLoader().getClass(className, code).newInstance();
Field filed = bytecodeProxy.getClass().getField("delegate");
filed.set(bytecodeProxy, delegate);
return bytecodeProxy;
}
private static class ByteArrayClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
public ByteArrayClassLoader() {
super(ByteArrayClassLoader.class.getClassLoader());
}
public synchronized Class<?> getClass(String name, byte[] code) {
if (name == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("");
}
return defineClass(name, code, 0, code.length);
}
}
- 直接使用javassist在被代理类基础上生成新的字节码形成代理类
private static CountService createJavassistBytecodeDynamicProxy(CountService delegate) throws Exception {
ClassPool mPool = new ClassPool(true);
CtClass mCtc = mPool.makeClass(CountService.class.getName() + "JavaassistProxy");
mCtc.addInterface(mPool.get(CountService.class.getName()));
mCtc.addConstructor(CtNewConstructor.defaultConstructor(mCtc));
mCtc.addField(CtField.make("public " + CountService.class.getName() + " delegate;", mCtc));
mCtc.addMethod(CtNewMethod.make("public int count() { return delegate.count(); }", mCtc));
Class<?> pc = mCtc.toClass();
CountService bytecodeProxy = (CountService) pc.newInstance();
Field filed = bytecodeProxy.getClass().getField("delegate");
filed.set(bytecodeProxy, delegate);
return bytecodeProxy;
}
- JavaAssit动态代理接口（javassist.util.proxy.MethodHandler）
private static CountService createJavassistDynamicProxy(final CountService delegate) throws Exception {
ProxyFactory proxyFactory = new ProxyFactory();
proxyFactory.setInterfaces(new Class[] { CountService.class });
Class<?> proxyClass = proxyFactory.createClass();
CountService javassistProxy = (CountService) proxyClass.newInstance();
((ProxyObject) javassistProxy).setHandler(new JavaAssitInterceptor(delegate));
return javassistProxy;
}
private static class JavaAssitInterceptor implements MethodHandler {
final Object delegate;
JavaAssitInterceptor(Object delegate) {
this.delegate = delegate;
}
public Object invoke(Object self, Method m, Method proceed,
Object[] args) throws Throwable {
return m.invoke(delegate, args);
}
}
- cglib生成(net.sf.cglib.proxy.MethodInterceptor)
private static CountService createCglibDynamicProxy(final CountService delegate) throws Exception {
Enhancer enhancer = new Enhancer();
enhancer.setCallback(new CglibInterceptor(delegate));
enhancer.setInterfaces(new Class[] { CountService.class });
CountService cglibProxy = (CountService) enhancer.create();
return cglibProxy;
}
private static class CglibInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor {
final Object delegate;
CglibInterceptor(Object delegate) {
this.delegate = delegate;
}
public Object intercept(Object object, Method method, Object[] objects,
MethodProxy methodProxy) throws Throwable {
return methodProxy.invoke(delegate, objects);
}
}
- jdk动态代理(java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler)
private static CountService createJdkDynamicProxy(final CountService delegate) {
CountService jdkProxy = (CountService) Proxy.newProxyInstance(ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader(),
new Class[] { CountService.class }, new JdkHandler(delegate));
return jdkProxy;
}
private static class JdkHandler implements InvocationHandler {
final Object delegate;
JdkHandler(Object delegate) {
this.delegate = delegate;
}
public Object invoke(Object object, Method method, Object[] objects)
throws Throwable {
return method.invoke(delegate, objects);
}
}
各种动态代理方案比较
- 速度比较
//测试结果
//创建代理的速度
Create JDK Proxy: 13 ms
Create CGLIB Proxy: 217 ms //较慢
Create JAVAASSIST Proxy: 99 ms
Create JAVAASSIST Bytecode Proxy: 168 ms //较慢
Create ASM Proxy: 3 ms //最快
================
Run JDK Proxy: 2224 ms, 634,022 t/s //很慢，jdk生成的字节码考虑了太多的条件，所以字节码非常多，大多都是用不到的
Run CGLIB Proxy: 1123 ms, 1,255,623 t/s //较慢，也是因为字节码稍微多了点
Run JAVAASSIST Proxy: 3212 ms, 438,999 t/s //非常慢，完全不建议使用javassist的代理类来实现动态代理
Run JAVAASSIST Bytecode Proxy: 206 ms, 6,844,977 t/s //和asm差不多的执行速度，因为他们都是只生成简单纯粹的执行字节码，非常少(所以直接用javassist生成代理类的方式最值得推荐[从速度上讲])
Run ASM Bytecode Proxy: 209 ms, 6,746,724 t/s //asm什么都是最快的，毕竟是只和最底层打交道
- 便捷性比较
排序(只是生成字节码，语义性):javassist>asm
排序(动态代理):cglib=jdk>javassist bytecode>javassist proxy>asm
