一、定语和状语的区别
I was reading a book when she came in. when 及其后面的内容是状语。
The car which is parked outside is mine. which 及其后面的内容是定语。
I knocked down a boy when I went downstairs. when 及其后面的内容是状语。
1、区分介词短语既像定语又像状语的情况——定语优先原则
有一坨东西放在名词后，既像定语又像状语的时候，定语优先原则，只有翻译成定语巨不爽无比的时候，才是状语。
比如： I like a boy in the kindergarten.
如果是定语就译为：我喜欢一个幼儿园的小男生。
如果是状语就译为：在幼儿园，我喜欢一个小男生。
2、区分 when 引导的是定语从句还是状语从句
① I want to be a teacher when I grow up. 当我长大的时候，我要做一名老师。
② I still remember the days when I lived with my grandparents in the countryside. 我仍然记得和爷爷奶奶住在乡下的日子。
二、补充 as 专题
1、as + 名词（短语）
此时的 as 是介词， as 后面跟名词（短语）时，一般译为“作为”。
① Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal.
【全句翻译】曾经口香糖的主要购买者是青春期的男孩，而现在商业广告却将它宣传为饭后清新口气和清洁牙齿的产品。
② The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
【全句翻译】巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其作为宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。
③ He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.
【全句翻译】他必须以下列三种方式使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作保障以对付恶劣天气可能造成的无法预测的影响，并留作必须出售的商品以替换就农具和购买化肥给土壤提供养料。
④ As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.
【全句翻译】 结果，在美国（状语前置），雄心壮志作为一种健康的冲动，一种应该被年轻人尊重且扎根于他们思想的品质，得到的支持或许比以往任何时期都低。
2、动词（词组）+ 名词（短语）+as
regard... as... ，view... as... ，define... as... ，classify... as...
① William sahlman of the Harvard Business school believes that people will look back on this period as " a golden age of business management in the United states" .
【全句翻译】佛商学院的威廉 .萨尔曼认为 , 人们会将这段时期视为 " 美国商业管理的黄金时代" 。
② Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.
【全句翻译】儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
③ They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.
【全句翻译】它们惟一的共同点就是常常会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更高明的人。
④ Millions of Americans and foreigners see G.I.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .
【全句翻译】在数百万美国人和其他国家人看来，G.I.Joe 是没有思想的军事玩偶，是美国军事冒险主义的象征，但过去的情况并非如此。
⑤ Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.
【全句翻译】10 年前，日本人工作勤奋，将工作视为他们存在的主要理由，但现在日本大体上已经满足了其经济需求，年轻人却不知道他们下一步的目标在哪里。
3、as 引导定语从句
1）as 引导的限制性定语从句：
从句所修饰的名词前有 such ，the same，as 出现，后面从句的引导词是 as，构成such...that..., the same...as, as...as...结构。译成“和...一样”
① I have never heard such stories as he told.
我从未听说过他讲的那些故事。
② He just made the same mistake as other students would have made in examinations
他只是犯了其他学生在考试中会犯的同样的错误。
2）as 引导的非限制性定语从句：
① As is shown in the cartoon, even a hen has learned how to promise.
正如漫画所示，即使是母鸡也学会了如何承诺。
② As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium.
正如之前所讨论的，直到 19 世纪，报纸才成为电子化之前的主导媒体。
4、as 引导状语从句
as 在引导状语从句的时候 , 可以译为：当 .. 的时候 , 因为 , 虽然 , 就像。as的意思取决于前后句子的逻辑关系。
① Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them.
【全句翻译】例如，（当）随着新物质注入非洲和南美洲之间的海底，非洲和南美洲正在相互远离。（ as 翻译成当或随着。）
② As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything.
【全句翻译】尽管个人伤害的索赔一如既往地继续着，但有些法庭开始支持被告一方，特别是在处理那些有警示语也无济于事的案件时。
③ The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth , at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere , could push the price higher still in the short term.
【全句翻译】本周伊拉克暂停石油出口, 这使得油价再一次上涨。经济的强劲增长, 加上北半球正值冬季, 可能会使石油价格在短期内继续上涨。
④ New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
【全句翻译】 就像过去那样，将来新的思维方式和新的思维主题一定会出现，从而出现 关于优雅的新标准。（ as 翻译成“像......一样”。）
⑤ Odd as it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
【全文翻译】宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
三、状语从句和非谓语动词（短语）作状语的转化
If love has gone, you had better start a new life.
如果爱情已经不在，你最好开始新生活。
Love has gone, you had better start a new life.（去引导词）
Love having gone, you had better start a new life. （变非谓语）
看逻辑主语是否一致
练习：
给我更多的时间，我就能完成这项工作。
状语从句：If I was given more time, I would be able to complete the work.
分词作状语 : Given more time , I would be able to complete the work.
① 他太穷了，买不起那辆车。
He was poor, he could not afford to buy that car. ×
Being poor, he could not afford to buy that car.√
② 这本书被翻译成多种语言 , 闻名于世。
This book has been translated into several languages , it became famous all over the world.
③ 读书可以扩大眼界 , 更重要的是 , 它可以使我们内心充盈。
Broadening our horizon , more importantly , reading can fill our hearts.
四、状语考点分析
1、写作
作文中任何一句话的旁边（状语的位置很灵活），都可以给它加一个状语的成分把句子拉长。
① 我爱我的女朋友。
素颜版：I love my girlfriend.
裸妆版：I love my girlfriend deeply.我深深的爱我的女朋友。（副词作状语）
化妆版：I love my girlfriend in the depts of my heart.我心里深爱着我的女朋友。（地点状语）
② 我正在看鲁迅写的小说。
素颜版：I am reading the novel written by Luxun.
裸妆版：I am reading the book written by Luxun carefully, earnestly, and lovingly. 我正在仔细认真热忱地读鲁迅的小说。（副词作状语）
化妆集合版：
I am reading the novel written by Luxun at the moment. 我那个时候在读鲁迅写得小说。（时间状语）
I am reading the novel written by Luxun because it is so interesting and attractive. 我在读鲁迅写得那本小说，因为它特别有趣很吸引人。（原因状语）
Although I am busy preparing for the exam, I am reading the novel written by Luxun. 尽管我忙着准备考试，我还是读了鲁迅写得小说。（让步状语）
I am reading the novel written by Luxun so crazily that I forget to sleep at night. 我疯狂地读鲁迅写得小说，以至于忘了睡觉。（结果状语）
I am reading the novel written by Luxun in order that I can relieve my pressure. 我读鲁迅的小说是为了减轻压力。（目的状语）
I am reading the novel written by Luxun as diligently as a bee. 我读鲁迅的小说一刻不停，像一只勤劳的蜜蜂。（比较状语）
③ 素颜版：A man is saying “All is over”. On the contrary, the other man is saying “Luckily, there still exists a little”.
化妆版：
A man who looks rather depressed ( 定语 ) is saying “All is over”. on the contrary, the other man active as well as optimistic ( 定语 ) is saying“Luckily, there still exists a little”.
In this simple but meaningful caricature（地点状语）, a man is saying “All is over” when covering his face with a hand ( 时间状语从句 ). On the contrary, the other man is saying “Luckily, there still exists a little”, as a bottle of water falls on the ground (状语从句).
In this simple but meaningful caricature, a man who looks rather depressed is saying “All is over”when covering his face with a hand. On the contrary, the other man active as well as optimistic is saying “Luckily, there still exists a little”, as a bottle of water falls on the ground.
这幅简单而意味深长的漫画中，一瓶水掉在了地上，一个看起来相当沮丧的男人用手捂住脸说“全完了”。 相比之下，另一位积极乐观的男子则说“幸好还剩点儿”。
④ 春节我们为什么要贴春联呢？大家的回答通常是“贴对联可以增加节日的氛围”。
素颜版：Pasting couplets can create a festive atmosphere.
定语化妆版：Pasting couplets, which is an ancient Chinese tradition for thousands of years （定语） , can create a festive atmosphere of joy and excitement.（后置定语）
状语化妆版：Although quite a few individuals argue that it may be troublesome（让步状语 ） , pasting couplets can create a festive atmosphere when almost all the Chinese are gathering with their families or their friends at home. （时间状语）
艳妆融合版：
Although quite a few individuals argue that it may be troublesome, pasting couplets, which is an ancient Chinese tradition for thousands of years, can create a festive atmosphere of joy and excitement when almost all the Chinese are gathering with their families or their friends at home.
虽然不少人认为贴春联很麻烦，但这是中国几千年的古老传统，当中国人与家人或朋友聚会时，贴春联可以营造出欢乐和兴奋的节日气氛。
五、状语长难句分析
长难句分析：能够找到一句话当中的状语成分，并且能够把它们通顺的翻译出来。
长难句分析：①找动词（并找出及确认句子主干）；②找连词；③找定语；④找状语。从句当中的主干部分也要找出来。
1、如何识别状语？？？
答：见到副词一定是状语，见到伴随一定是状语，见到九大状语从句也是状语。状语通常翻译在离它最近的那句话的前面。
① In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to post-high school education.
【全句翻译】平庸的时代已经结束，为了保障就业，我们要做的事情还有很多，但在 21 世纪，最重要的事情莫过于通过类似《退伍军人权利法案》的法案，以确保每个美国公民都有机会接受高中以上的教育。
② The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
【全句翻译】希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有某种联系 , 这种观点早在人们认识到语言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎根了。
【解析】which引导的非限制性定语从句，后面有一个地点状语：in Europe和时间状语：long before
③ Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors （定语从句）in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner （方式状语）that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.（定语从句）
【解析】which引导的定语从句，in...manner 方式状语，
【全句翻译】社会科学是知识研究的一个分支 , 这个分支 ( 重复先行词 , 定语后置) 试图以同样理性的 、有序的 、系统的和冷静的状态 ( 翻译时状语提前) 来研究人类和人类的行为 , 自然科学家也是用这种状态来研究自然现象的 (定语较长 , 仍然后置) 。
4. The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.（and并列的两个原因状语从句）
【全句翻译】 ( 由于原因状语较长 , 所以直接翻译成 . 之所以 ......是因为 ...... " ) 行为科学之所以发展缓慢 , 部分原因是一些假说时常能直接被观察到 , 还有部分原因是其他种类的假说很难被发现。
5. We are obliged to these linguists because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.（原因状语从句）
【全句翻译】我们之所以感谢这些语言学家, 是因为这些语言中有一部分后来已经消失了,其原因是讲这些语言的民族或是消亡, 或是被同化之后失去了本族语言。（since 副词，翻译为从此以后）
6. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.
【全句翻译】但是如果机器人要进一步节省劳力，它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行，并且至少能独立地做一些决定—这些目标给我们带来了真正的挑战。
7. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.
【全句翻译】尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。
8. George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.
【全句翻译】波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生开药是出于合理的医疗目的，那么即使病人因服药该药而加速死亡，医生也不算做了什么违法的事情。
8. George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose（条件状语从句）, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.（ 让步状语从句）
【全句翻译】波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生开药是出于合理的医疗目的，那么即使病人因服药该药而加速死亡，医生也不算做了什么违法的事情。
9. One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and , if its stability depends on its integrity , they are entitled to continuance.
【全句翻译】 在一个完全以经济目标为基础的保护系统中, 根本的弱点在于陆地群落的大多数成员没有经济价值。然而, 这些成员属于生物群落, 如果该保护系统的稳定性取决于其完整性，这些生物就有权继续生存。
10. It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.
【全句翻译】 这也是为什么当我们试图用语言描述音乐时，我们只能表达出自己对音乐的感受，而无法领悟音乐本身。
11. Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless（时间状语）,it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.（that引导的主语从句，it是形式主语）
【全句翻译】 然而，当我们看到这样的照片，看到那些无家可归者所创造的花园之时，感到了深深的震撼：尽管它们风格多样，但这些花园道出了其他的根本需求，而非停留在装饰美化或是创造性表达。
12. Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives（让步状语）, it is perfectly ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.（目的状语）
【全句翻译】尽管心理健康是我们生活中的万能药，但它其实非常普通，你会发现在你难以做决定时，它一直在指引着你。
13. More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.
【全句翻译】 最近，研究人员在调查住房建筑业时发现，尽管建筑业的工作很复杂，得克萨斯州休斯顿市的那些不识字、不会说英语的墨西哥工人却始终能达到劳动生产率的最佳实践标准。
14. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
【全句翻译】虽然警示标签常常是恰当和必要的，如对药物交叉反应的危险，而且很多都是各州或联邦法规所要求的，但是当消费者受伤时，这些警示语能否保护制造商和销售商免于责任，这还很难说。
15. This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.
【全句翻译】如果不是因为科学家们可以很容易地安排在未来的出版物中自我引用，或者让同行引用以回报自己提供类似好处这个事实，这将是合理的。
