etcd
etcd
是一个高可用的分布式键值(key-value)数据库。内部采用raft
协议作为一致性算法,基于Go语言实现。etcd
数据库与redis
类似,其独特性在于:
- 分布式部署,扩展性强,且数据和事务保持一致
- 提供
watch
接口,可监听多个键的变化 - 对于单个键而言,每次更新其值都会保留上一个版本,可以对键进行版本回溯
-
ttl
使用租约实现
etcd
更强调的是各个节点之间的通信,同步,确保各个节点上数据和事务的一致性,使得服务更稳定,本身单节点的写入能力并不强。
redis
更像是内存型缓存,虽然也有cluster
做主从同步和读写分离,但节点间的一致性主要强调的是数据,并不在乎事务,因此读写能力很强,qps
甚至可以达到10万+
安装
$ mkdir etcd
$ cd etcd
$ curl -L https://github.com/etcd-io/etcd/releases/download/v3.3.13/etcd-v3.3.13-linux-amd64.tar.gz -o
$ ./etcd-v3.3.13-linux-amd64.tar.gz
$ tar xzvf etcd-v3.3.13-linux-amd64.tar.gz --strip-components=1
$ ./etcd -version
$ ./etcdctl -version
本地多成员集群
针对单机用户,开启多进程,模拟多机器集群(本次模拟开启三个etcd
集群)
1. 安装go
2. 安装goreman
(进程管理工具)
$ go get github.com/mattn/goreman
3. 查看gopath
$ go env
GOPATH="/home/apple/go"
所以goreman
运行路径为home/apple/go/bin/goreman
4. 编写goroman
配置文件
goroman
配置文件默认名称为Procfile,可以更换,但启动时,需要通过-c
指定配置文件
goroman
管理进程的配置文件由 进程名:执行命令
组成
$ vim Procfile
编辑内容如下
etcd1: ./etcd --name infra1 --listen-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2379 --advertise-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:2379 --listen-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:12380 --initial-advertise-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:12 380 --initial-cluster-token etcd-cluster-1 --initial-cluster 'infra1=http://127.0.0.1:12380,infra2=http://127.0.0.1:22380,infra3=http://127.0.0.1:32380' --initial-cluster-state new --enable-pprof
etcd2: ./etcd --name infra2 --listen-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:22379 --advertise-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:22379 --listen-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:22380 --initial-advertise-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1: 22380 --initial-cluster-token etcd-cluster-1 --initial-cluster 'infra1=http://127.0.0.1:12380,infra2=http://127.0.0.1:22380,infra3=http://127.0.0.1:32380' --initial-cluster-state new --enable-pprof
etcd3: ./etcd --name infra3 --listen-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:32379 --advertise-client-urls http://127.0.0.1:32379 --listen-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1:32380 --initial-advertise-peer-urls http://127.0.0.1: 32380 --initial-cluster-token etcd-cluster-1 --initial-cluster 'infra1=http://127.0.0.1:12380,infra2=http://127.0.0.1:22380,infra3=http://127.0.0.1:32380' --initial-cluster-state new --enable-pprof
5. 运行
$ /home/apple/go/bin/goreman -f Procfile start
此时etcd
集群被开启
6.查看集群列表
此时代表集群正确安装并启动
$ export ETCDCTL_API=3
$ ./etcdctl member list
8211f1d0f64f3269: name=infra1 peerURLs=http://127.0.0.1:12380 clientURLs=http://127.0.0.1:2379 isLeader=false
91bc3c398fb3c146: name=infra2 peerURLs=http://127.0.0.1:22380 clientURLs=http://127.0.0.1:22379 isLeader=true
fd422379fda50e48: name=infra3 peerURLs=http://127.0.0.1:32380 clientURLs=http://127.0.0.1:32379 isLeader=false
etcd基本使用
API
地址https://godoc.org/github.com/coreos/etcd/client
官方包提供了对于etcd
所有操作的API
创建用于操作etcd
键值的KeysAPI
对象kv
var cli client.Client
var kv client.KeysAPI
func handleError(e error, msg string) {
if e != nil {
log.Fatal(e)
}
if msg != "" {
log.Println(msg)
}
}
func init(){
cfg := client.Config{
Endpoints: []string{"http://127.0.0.1:2379", "http://127.0.0.1:22379", "http://127.0.0.1:32379"},
}
var e error
cli, e = client.New(cfg)
handleError(e, "")
kv = client.NewKeysAPI(cli)
}
设置键
func setVal(kv client.KeysAPI, key string, val string) {
log.Printf("设置键%s值%s\n", key, val)
_, e := kv.Set(context.Background(), key, val, nil)
if e != nil {
log.Println(e)
}
}
获取键值
func getVal(kv client.KeysAPI, key string) string {
// 获取键
log.Printf("开始获取键%s \n", key)
resp, e := kv.Get(context.TODO(), key, nil)
handleError(e, "")
index, value := resp.Index, resp.Node.Value
log.Printf("获取当前版本:%d 值:%s", index, resp.Node.Value)
return string(value)
}
创建文件夹
etcd
的键值对存储可以理解为文件存储在目录中,键为目录,值为文件
创建文件夹的目的为:使用etcd
提供的watch
方法可以监控整个文件夹中键(即文件)的变化
func mkdir(kv client.KeysAPI, dir string) {
o := client.SetOptions{Dir: true}
_, e := kv.Set(context.Background(), dir, "", &o)
handleError(e, "创建完成")
}
调用
func TestSetVal(t *testing.T) {
setVal(kv, "/nginx/foo", "bar")
}
func TestGetVal(t *testing.T) {
getVal(kv, "/nginx/foo")
}
func TestMkdir(t *testing.T) {
mkdir(kv, "/nginx")
}
confd
轻量级的配置管理工具,主要有两个目的
- 读取etcd保存的配置信息,同步到本地配置文件中,并保证本地配置文件是最新的
- 同步配置文件之后可以指定命令使配置生效
安装
https://github.com/kelseyhightower/confd/blob/master/docs/installation.md
使用
把核心信息,比如upstream
、server_name
等存储在etcd
中,使用confd
来自动生成nginx
配置文件,并reload
使配置生效
upstream www_test {
server 196.75.121.112:443; (动态生成)
}
server {
listen 443 ssl; (动态生成)
server_name www.test.com; (动态生成)
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;;
ssl_certificate /home/build/openresty/nginx/cert/dealssl/www.bestenover.com.crt; (动态生成)
location / {
proxy_pass https://www_test; (动态生成)
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https;
proxy_redirect off;
}
}
要实现动态配置首先要把核心信息存储到etcd中
func TestNginxMkdir(t *testing.T) {
mkdir(kv, "/nginx")
mkdir(kv, "/nginx/https")
mkdir(kv, "/nginx/http")
mkdir(kv, "/nginx/ssl")
mkdir(kv, "/nginx/https/www")
mkdir(kv, "/nginx/https/www/server")
mkdir(kv, "/nginx/https/www/upstream")
mkdir(kv, "/nginx/https/www/server/location")
}
confd
注册监控etcd
的key
为/nginx/
,只要发生变化就通知confd
根据模板生成配置。confd
默认的配置路径为/etc/confd/
,创建conf.d
和template
两个目录,分别存放配置资源和配置模板。
nginx的配置资源如下所示:test.conf.toml
[template]
src = "test.conf.tmpl"
dest = "/tmp/test.conf"
keys = [
"/nginx",
]
check_cmd = "echo a"
reload_cmd = "echo b"
nginx
的配置模板如下所示:test.conf.tmpl
upstream www_{{getv "/nginx/https/www/server/server_name"}} {
{{range getvs "/nginx/https/www/upstream/*"}}server {{.}};
{{end}}
}
server {
server_name {{getv "/nginx/https/www/server/server_name"}}:443;
ssl on
ssl_certificate {{getv "/nginx/https/www/server/ssl_certificate"}};
ssl_certificate_key {{getv "/nginx/https/www/server/ssl_certificate_key"}};
location / {
proxy_pass http://www_{{getv "/nginx/https/www/server/server_name"}};
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https;
proxy_redirect off;
}
}
开启confd
: confd -watch -backend etcd -node http://127.0.0.1:2379
设置内容
func TestNginxSetVal(t *testing.T) {
setVal(kv, "/nginx/https/www/server/server_name", "test.com")
setVal(kv, "/nginx/https/www/server/ssl_certificate", "client.crt")
setVal(kv, "/nginx/https/www/server/ssl_certificate_key", "client.key")
setVal(kv, "/nginx/https/www/upstream/server1", "192.168.4.2:443")
setVal(kv, "/nginx/https/www/upstream/server2", "192.168.5.2:443")
}
生成结果
1 upstream www_test.com {
2 server 192.168.4.2:443;
3 server 192.168.5.2:443;
4
5 }
6
7 server {
8 server_name test.com:443;
9 ssl on
10 ssl_certificate client.crt;
11 ssl_certificate_key client.key;
12 location / {
13 proxy_pass http://www_test.com;
14 proxy_set_header Host $host;
15 proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
16 proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
17 proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https;
18 proxy_redirect off;
19 }
20 }