Object.create()实现经典继承

const person = {
  isHuman: false,
  printIntroduction: function () {
    console.log(`My name is ${this.name}. Am I human? ${this.isHuman}`);
  }
};

const me = Object.create(person);

me.name = "Matthew"; // "name" is a property set on "me", but not on "person"
me.isHuman = true; // inherited properties can be overwritten

me.printIntroduction();
// expected output: "My name is Matthew. Am I human? true"

Object.prototype.toString.call(me) // "[object Object]"

me和person都是Object对象，me继承了person的所有属性。

看看Object.create()的Polyfill

if (typeof Object.create !== "function") {
    Object.create = function (proto, propertiesObject) {
        if (typeof proto !== 'object' && typeof proto !== 'function') {
            throw new TypeError('Object prototype may only be an Object: ' + proto);
        } else if (proto === null) {
            throw new Error("This browser's implementation of Object.create is a shim and doesn't support 'null' as the first argument.");
        }

        if (typeof propertiesObject != 'undefined') {
            throw new Error("This browser's implementation of Object.create is a shim and doesn't support a second argument.");
        }

        function F() {}
        F.prototype = proto;

        return new F();
    };
}

Object.create()返回一个新的对象，这个对象的prototype指向proto。

ES5

function Person(name) {
  this.name = name
}

Person.prototype.sayHello = function() {
  console.log(this.name + ' say: hello')
}

function Teacher(subject) {
  Person.call(this)
  this.subject = this.subject
}

console.log(Teacher.prototype.constructor) // [Function: Teacher]
console.log(Teacher.prototype instanceof Person) // false

Teacher.prototype = Object.create(Person.prototype)

console.log(Teacher.prototype instanceof Person) // true
console.log(Teacher.prototype.constructor) // [Function: Person]

Teacher.prototype.constructor = Teacher 

将父类原型指向子类

function inheritPrototype(subType, superType){
  var prototype = Object.create(superType.prototype); // 创建对象，创建父类原型的一个副本
  prototype.constructor = subType;                    // 增强对象，弥补因重写原型而失去的默认的constructor 属性
  subType.prototype = prototype;                      // 指定对象，将新创建的对象赋值给子类的原型
}

ES6类继承extends

extends关键字主要用于类声明或者类表达式中，以创建一个类，该类是另一个类的子类。其中constructor表示构造函数，一个类中只能有一个构造函数，有多个会报出SyntaxError错误,如果没有显式指定构造方法，则会添加默认的 constructor方法，使用例子如下。

class Rectangle {
    // constructor
    constructor(height, width) {
        this.height = height;
        this.width = width;
    }
    
    // Getter
    get area() {
        return this.calcArea()
    }
    
    // Method
    calcArea() {
        return this.height * this.width;
    }
}

const rectangle = new Rectangle(10, 20);
console.log(rectangle.area);
// 输出 200

-----------------------------------------------------------------
// 继承
class Square extends Rectangle {

  constructor(length) {
    super(length, length);
    
    // 如果子类中存在构造函数，则需要在使用“this”之前首先调用 super()。
    this.name = 'Square';
  }

  get area() {
    return this.height * this.width;
  }
}

const square = new Square(10);
console.log(square.area);
// 输出 100

extends继承的核心代码如下，其实现和上述的inheritPrototype方式一样

function _inherits(subType, superType) {
  
    // 创建对象，创建父类原型的一个副本
    // 增强对象，弥补因重写原型而失去的默认的constructor 属性
    // 指定对象，将新创建的对象赋值给子类的原型
    subType.prototype = Object.create(superType && superType.prototype, {
        constructor: {
            value: subType,
            enumerable: false,
            writable: true,
            configurable: true
        }
    });
    
    if (superType) {
        Object.setPrototypeOf 
            ? Object.setPrototypeOf(subType, superType) 
            : subType.__proto__ = superType;
    }
}