1.HTTP长连接、短连接
HTTP协议的长连接和短连接,实质上是TCP协议的长连接和短连接。
在HTTP/1.0中默认使用短连接。也就是说,客户端和服务器每进行一次HTTP操作,就建立一次连接,任务结束就中断连接。
从HTTP/1.1起,默认使用长连接,用以保持连接特性。使用长连接的HTTP协议,会在响应头加入这行代码:Connection:keep-alive
.在使用长连接的情况下,客户端和服务器之间用于传输HTTP数据的TCP连接不会关闭,客户端再次访问这个服务器时,会继续使用这一条已经建立的连接。Keep-Alive不会永久保持连接,它有一个保持时间,可以在不同的服务器软件(如Apache)中设定这个时间。实现长连接需要客户端和服务端都支持长连接。
HttpClien中可以使用连接池来管理持有连接,同一条TCP链路上,连接是可以复用的。
2.RestTemplate的几种实现
RestTemplate有三个实现
RestTemplate()
RestTemplate(List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> messageConverters)
RestTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory requestFactory)。
下面主要介绍RestTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory requestFactory)
现在来看下其它几种客户端的引入。在ClientHttpRequestFactory的实现那张图中列出了RestTemplate的几种REST Client的封装。其中最常用的有以下三种:
SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory(封装URLConnection) //默认
HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(封装HttpClient)
OkHttp3ClientHttpRequestFactory(封装OKHttp)
注意:RestTemplate默认的ClientHttpRequestFactor为SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory,默认的超时时间设置为-1,若出现服务器宕机的情况,该连接将永远不会被释放。
@Configuration
public class RestConfig {
@Bean
public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
return restTemplate;
}
@Bean("urlConnectionTemplate")
public RestTemplate urlConnectionRestTemplate(){
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(new SimpleClientHttpRequestFactory());
return restTemplate;
}
@Bean("httpClientTemplate")
public RestTemplate httpClientRestTemplate(){
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory());
return restTemplate;
}
@Bean("OKHttp3Template")
public RestTemplate OKHttp3RestTemplate(){
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(new OkHttp3ClientHttpRequestFactory());
return restTemplate;
}
}
3.RestTemplate Httpclient连接池
@Configuration
@Slf4j
public class HttpClientConfig {
@Autowired
private HttpClientPoolConfig httpClientPoolConfig;
/**
* 原生的restTemplate
*/
@Bean
public RestTemplate restTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
/**
* httpClientTemplate
*/
@Bean(name = "httpClientTemplate")
public RestTemplate restTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory factory) {
return createRestTemplate(factory);
}
private RestTemplate createRestTemplate(ClientHttpRequestFactory factory) {
//1.实例化使用httpclient的RestTemplate
RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(factory);
//2.采用RestTemplate内部的MessageConverter
//重新设置StringHttpMessageConverter字符集,解决中文乱码问题
modifyDefaultCharset(restTemplate);
//3.设置错误处理器
restTemplate.setErrorHandler(new DefaultResponseErrorHandler());
return restTemplate;
}
/**
* 创建HTTP客户端工厂
*/
@Bean(name = "clientHttpRequestFactory")
public ClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory() {
//1.检查配置maxTotalConnection 和 maxConnectionPerRoute
if (httpClientPoolConfig.getMaxTotalConnect() <= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid maxTotalConnection: " +
httpClientPoolConfig.getMaxTotalConnect());
}
if (httpClientPoolConfig.getMaxConnectPerRoute() <= 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("invalid maxConnectionPerRoute: " +
httpClientPoolConfig.getMaxConnectPerRoute());
}
//2.创建clientHttpRequestFactory
HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory clientHttpRequestFactory = new
HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(httpClient());
// 连接超时
clientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectTimeout(httpClientPoolConfig.getConnectTimeout());
// 数据读取超时时间,即SocketTimeout
clientHttpRequestFactory.setReadTimeout(httpClientPoolConfig.getReadTimeout());
// 从连接池获取请求连接的超时时间,不宜过长,必须设置,比如连接不够用时,时间过长将是灾难性的
clientHttpRequestFactory.setConnectionRequestTimeout(httpClientPoolConfig.getConnectionRequestTimout());
return clientHttpRequestFactory;
}
/**
* 配置httpClient
*
* @return
*/
@Bean
public HttpClient httpClient() {
HttpClientBuilder httpClientBuilder = HttpClientBuilder.create();
try {
//设置信任ssl访问
SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial(null, (arg0, arg1) -> true).build();
httpClientBuilder.setSSLContext(sslContext);
HostnameVerifier hostnameVerifier = NoopHostnameVerifier.INSTANCE;
SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslConnectionSocketFactory = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext, hostnameVerifier);
Registry<ConnectionSocketFactory> socketFactoryRegistry = RegistryBuilder.<ConnectionSocketFactory>create()
// 注册http和https请求
.register("http", PlainConnectionSocketFactory.getSocketFactory())
.register("https", sslConnectionSocketFactory).build();
//使用Httpclient连接池的方式配置(推荐),同时支持netty,okHttp以及其他http框架
PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager poolingHttpClientConnectionManager = new PoolingHttpClientConnectionManager(socketFactoryRegistry);
// 最大连接数
poolingHttpClientConnectionManager.setMaxTotal(httpClientPoolConfig.getMaxTotalConnect());
// 同路由并发数
poolingHttpClientConnectionManager.setDefaultMaxPerRoute(httpClientPoolConfig.getMaxConnectPerRoute());
//配置连接池
httpClientBuilder.setConnectionManager(poolingHttpClientConnectionManager);
// 重试次数
httpClientBuilder.setRetryHandler(new DefaultHttpRequestRetryHandler(httpClientPoolConfig.getRetryTimes(), true));
//设置默认请求头
List<Header> headers = getDefaultHeaders();
httpClientBuilder.setDefaultHeaders(headers);
//设置长连接保持策略
httpClientBuilder.setKeepAliveStrategy(connectionKeepAliveStrategy());
/*启动清理线程,也可以启用用CloseableHttpClient的清理线程
Thread t = new IdleConnectionMonitorThread(connectionManager);
t.setName("httpconnections-pool-evict-thread");
t.start();
*/
//设置后台线程剔除失效连接
httpClientBuilder.evictExpiredConnections();
httpClientBuilder.victIdleConnections(httpClientPoolConfig.getMaxIdleTime(), TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
return httpClientBuilder.build();
} catch (KeyManagementException | NoSuchAlgorithmException | KeyStoreException e) {
log.error("初始化HTTP连接池出错", e);
}
return null;
}
/**
* 配置长连接保持策略
* @return
*/
public ConnectionKeepAliveStrategy connectionKeepAliveStrategy(){
return (response, context) -> {
// Honor 'keep-alive' header
HeaderElementIterator it = new BasicHeaderElementIterator(
response.headerIterator(HTTP.CONN_KEEP_ALIVE));
while (it.hasNext()) {
HeaderElement he = it.nextElement();
log.info("HeaderElement:{}", JSON.toJSONString(he));
String param = he.getName();
String value = he.getValue();
if (value != null && "timeout".equalsIgnoreCase(param)) {
try {
return Long.parseLong(value) * 1000;
} catch(NumberFormatException ignore) {
log.error("解析长连接过期时间异常",ignore);
}
}
}
HttpHost target = (HttpHost) context.getAttribute(
HttpClientContext.HTTP_TARGET_HOST);
//如果请求目标地址,单独配置了长连接保持时间,使用该配置
Optional<Map.Entry<String, Integer>> any = Optional.ofNullable(httpClientPoolProperties.getKeepAliveTargetHost()).orElseGet(HashMap::new)
.entrySet().stream().filter(
e -> e.getKey().equalsIgnoreCase(target.getHostName())).findAny();
//否则使用默认长连接保持时间
return any.map(en -> en.getValue() * 1000L).orElse(httpClientPoolProperties.getKeepAliveTime() * 1000L);
};
}
/**
* 设置请求头
*
* @return
*/
private List<Header> getDefaultHeaders() {
List<Header> headers = new ArrayList<>();
headers.add(new BasicHeader("User-Agent",
"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/31.0.1650.16 Safari/537.36"));
headers.add(new BasicHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip,deflate"));
headers.add(new BasicHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN"));
headers.add(new BasicHeader("Connection", "Keep-Alive"));
return headers;
}
/**
* 修改默认的字符集类型为utf-8
*
* @param restTemplate
*/
private void modifyDefaultCharset(RestTemplate restTemplate) {
List<HttpMessageConverter<?>> converterList = restTemplate.getMessageConverters();
HttpMessageConverter<?> converterTarget = null;
for (HttpMessageConverter<?> item : converterList) {
if (StringHttpMessageConverter.class == item.getClass()) {
converterTarget = item;
break;
}
}
if (null != converterTarget) {
converterList.remove(converterTarget);
}
Charset defaultCharset = Charset.forName(httpClientPoolConfig.getCharset());
converterList.add(1, new StringHttpMessageConverter(defaultCharset));
}
}
// pool监测线程,定期移除过期连接、空闲连接
/*
public static class IdleConnectionMonitorThread extends Thread {
private final HttpClientConnectionManager connMgr;
public IdleConnectionMonitorThread(HttpClientConnectionManager connMgr) {
super();
this.connMgr = connMgr;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
while (true) {
synchronized (this) {
Thread.sleep(5000);
connMgr.closeExpiredConnections();
connMgr.closeIdleConnections(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
}
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
*/
使用restTemplate,则无需关闭响应的连接。RestTemplate会为您执行此操作,以验证相同的内容,了解RestTemplate.java
注意点
1.对于整个应用,一个HttpClient就够了,HttpClient就像一个小型的浏览器。
2.启用后台监控线程检查连接
HttpClient4.4版本之前,在从连接池中获取重用连接的时候会检查下是否过期,过期则清理。之后的版本则不同,会有一个单独的线程来扫描连接池中的连接,发现有离最近一次使用超过设置的时间后,就会清理。只有在HttpClientBuilder手动设置后,才会开启清理过期与空闲连接。
3.HTTP请求时connectionRequestTimeout 、connectionTimeout、socketTimeout三个超时时间的含义
(1)connectionRequestTimout
从连接池获取连接的timeout
(2)connetionTimeout
客户端和服务器建立连接的timeout
就是http请求的三个阶段,一:建立连接;二:数据传送;三,断开连接。超时后ConnectionTimeOutException
(3)socketTimeout即ReadTimeout
指客户端和服务器建立连接后,客户端从服务器读取数据的timeout,超出后会抛出SocketTimeOutException
参考
SpringBoot的restTemplate整合HttpClient连接池及配置
SpringBoot系列 - 使用RestTemplate