背景
在代码开发中,我们通常都会使用分层架构,在分层架构中都会使用模型转换,在不同的层使用不同的模型。以 DDD 分层模型为例,如下:
模型分类
DO
DataObject,数据库映射对象,通常用于基础设施层,与数据库字段完全对应。
Entity
领域对象,通常用于应用层和领域层(有一些 DDD 代码模型在应用层使用的是 DTO,但是基于应用层是业务编排的职责,可能会直接使用 Entity 的行为进行逻辑编排,那么个人建议应用层应该使用 Entity)。不只是指实体、还包括值对象。通常是充血模型,包括属性和行为。
DTO
数据传输对象,通常用于用户接口层(用户接口层,通常指的是流量入口,包括web 流量、服务消费者 RPC 调用、消息输入等)。所以 DTO 通常用于Controller中的输入输出参数、打到二方包里的输入输出参数(例如,Dubbo 接口的输入输出参数)以及消息消费者中的消息模型。
根据实际需要,有时候在 web 中,我们也会使用 vo。
转换器
DTOAssembler
DTO 和 Entity 的转换器
DOConverter
DO 和 Entity 的转换器
现有 Bean 转换工具的比较
目前的转化器有:手写转换器、Apache BeanUtils、Spring BeanUtils、Dozer、Orika、ModelMapper、JMapper、MapStruct 等。其中手写转换器带来的人工成本较高,尤其是当转换对象属性较多,或者有嵌套属性时,费时费力,且容易遗漏出错,而且随着对象的迭代,转换器中的代码也要变动,所以通常我们还是会采用自动化的转换器。
根据 这篇文章 的性能压测来看,JMapper 和 MapStruct 的性能最好,根据易用性来讲 MapStruct 最好,所以我们就使用 MapStruct 来实现转换器。
MapStruct 使用
<properties>
<org.mapstruct.version>1.4.1.Final</org.mapstruct.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<!-- mapStruct 核心注解 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mapstruct</groupId>
<artifactId>mapstruct</artifactId>
<version>${org.mapstruct.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- mapStruct 根据接口生成实现类 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.mapstruct</groupId>
<artifactId>mapstruct-processor</artifactId>
<version>${org.mapstruct.version}</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- lombok -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
<version>1.18.16</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
<!-- mapStruct 支持 lombok -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
<artifactId>lombok-mapstruct-binding</artifactId>
<version>0.2.0</version>
<scope>provided</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.8.1</version>
<configuration>
<source>1.8</source>
<target>1.8</target>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
最简示例
DTO & Entity
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id;
private String name;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private Integer id;
private String name;
}
转换类
@Mapper
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
Target fromSource(Source source);
Source toSource(Target target);
}
测试类
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testFromSource();
testToSource();
}
private static void testFromSource(){
Source source = new Source(1, "测试基础转换");
Target target = Converter.INSTANCE.fromSource(source);
System.out.println(target);
}
private static void testToSource(){
Target target = new Target(1, "测试基础转换");
Source source = Converter.INSTANCE.toSource(target);
System.out.println(source);
}
}
不同名称的属性关联
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id;
private String name; // 映射 Target 中的 targetName
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private Integer id;
private String targetName; // 映射 Source 中的 name
}
@Mapper
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
@Mapping(source = "name", target = "targetName")
Target fromSource(Source source);
@InheritInverseConfiguration
Source toSource(Target target);
}
- 使用 @Mapping 手动映射属性;
- 使用 @InheritInverseConfiguration 表示继承反方向的配置,例如,上例中的 toSource 方法的注解可以硬编码为 @Mapping(source = "targetName", target = "name"),效果相同
不同类型的属性关联
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id; // 对应 Target 的 Long id
private String price; // 对应 Target 的 Double price
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private Long id;
private Double price;
}
@Mapper
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
Target fromSource(Source source);
Source toSource(Target target);
}
属性名相同的属性如果类型不同,会直接进行类型自动转换
内嵌属性关联
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id; // 对应 Target.TargetId.id
private String name;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private TargetId targetId;
private String name;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class TargetId {
private Integer id;
public static TargetId of(Integer id) {
if (id == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("id 不能为 null");
}
return new TargetId(id);
}
}
@Mapper
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
@Mapping(source = "id", target = "targetId.id")
Target fromSource(Source source);
@InheritInverseConfiguration
Source toSource(Target target);
}
直接在 Mapping 中做属性嵌套转换
枚举类关联(属性抽取)
简单枚举类
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id;
private String type;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private Integer id;
private SimpleEnumType type;
}
public enum SimpleEnumType {
HAHA, HEHE
}
or
public enum SimpleEnumType {
HAHA("HAHA"), HEHE("HEHE");
private String desc;
SimpleEnumType(String desc) {
this.desc = desc;
}
}
@Mapper
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
Target fromSource(Source source);
Source toSource(Target target);
}
简单枚举类:单个参数的枚举类会自动进行类型转换
复杂枚举类
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id;
private String name; // 映射 Target.targetName
private Integer typeCode; // 映射 Target.type.code
private String typeName; // 映射 Target.type.name
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private Integer id;
private String targetName;
private ComplexEnumType type;
}
@Getter
public enum ComplexEnumType {
HAHA(1, "haha"), HEHE(2, "hehe");
private Integer code;
private String name;
ComplexEnumType(Integer code, String name) {
this.code = code;
this.name = name;
}
public static ComplexEnumType getByCode(Integer code) {
return Arrays.stream(values()).filter(x->x.getCode().equals(code)).findFirst().orElse(null);
}
}
Java 表达式
@Mapper
public interface ConverterWithExpression {
ConverterWithExpression INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(ConverterWithExpression.class);
@Mapping(source = "name", target = "targetName")
@Mapping(target = "type", expression = "java(ComplexEnumType.getByCode(source.getTypeCode()))")
Target fromSource(Source source);
@InheritInverseConfiguration
@Mapping(target = "typeCode", source = "type.code")
@Mapping(target = "typeName", source = "type.name")
Source toSource(Target target);
}
- expression:
格式:java(xxx)
,其中的 xxx 是 Java 语法,其计算出来的值会填充到 target 中。当 IDEA 安装了 MapStruct Support 插件时,在编写 xxx 时会有提示。上述的 toSource 直接使用了嵌套属性获取方式,也可以使用@Mapping(target = "typeName", expression = "java(target.getType().getName())")
这样的格式。- @InheritInverseConfiguration:特殊值特殊处理,比如这里的枚举相关值,其他属性依旧使用逆转继承即可。
Qualifier 注解
import org.mapstruct.Qualifier;
public class ComplexEnumTypeUtil {
@Qualifier
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface TypeCode {
}
@Qualifier
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
public @interface TypeName {
}
@TypeCode
public Integer typeCode(ComplexEnumType type) {
return type.getCode();
}
@TypeName
public String typeName(ComplexEnumType type) {
return type.getName();
}
}
@Mapper(uses = ComplexEnumTypeUtil.class)
public interface ConverterWithQualifier {
ConverterWithQualifier INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(ConverterWithQualifier.class);
@Mapping(source = "name", target = "targetName")
@Mapping(target = "type", expression = "java(ComplexEnumType.getByCode(source.getTypeCode()))")
Target fromSource(Source source);
@InheritInverseConfiguration
@Mapping(source = "type", target = "typeCode", qualifiedBy = ComplexEnumTypeUtil.TypeCode.class)
@Mapping(source = "type", target = "typeName", qualifiedBy = ComplexEnumTypeUtil.TypeName.class)
Source toSource(Target target);
}
转换类上
@Mapper(uses ={xxx.class}
可以指定使用的转换辅助类
Name 注解
@Mapper
public interface ConverterWithName {
ConverterWithName INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(ConverterWithName.class);
@Mapping(source = "name", target = "targetName")
@Mapping(target = "type", expression = "java(ComplexEnumType.getByCode(source.getTypeCode()))")
Target fromSource(Source source);
@InheritInverseConfiguration
@Mapping(source = "type", target = "typeCode", qualifiedByName = "typeCodeUtil")
@Mapping(source = "type", target = "typeName", qualifiedByName = "typeNameUtil")
Source toSource(Target target);
@Named("typeCodeUtil")
default Integer typeCode(ComplexEnumType type) {
return type.getCode();
}
@Named("typeNameUtil")
default String typeName(ComplexEnumType type) {
return type.getName();
}
}
三种方式:Java Expression 最简单,推荐使用
null 值映射时忽略或者填充默认值
@Mapper(nullValuePropertyMappingStrategy = NullValuePropertyMappingStrategy.IGNORE)
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
Target fromSource(Source source);
Source toSource(Target target);
}
nullValuePropertyMappingStrategy 的解释
public enum NullValuePropertyMappingStrategy {
/**
* If a source bean property equals {@code null} the target bean property will be set explicitly to {@code null}.
*/
SET_TO_NULL,
/**
* If a source bean property equals {@code null} the target bean property will be set to its default value.
* <p>
* This means:
* <ol>
* <li>For {@code List} MapStruct generates an {@code ArrayList}</li>
* <li>For {@code Map} a {@code HashMap}</li>
* <li>For arrays an empty array</li>
* <li>For {@code String} {@code ""}</li>
* <li>for primitive / boxed types a representation of {@code 0} or {@code false}</li>
* <li>For all other objects an new instance is created, requiring an empty constructor.</li>
* </ol>
* <p>
* Make sure that a {@link Mapping#defaultValue()} is defined if no empty constructor is available on
* the default value.
*/
SET_TO_DEFAULT,
/**
* If a source bean property equals {@code null} the target bean property will be ignored and retain its
* existing value.
*/
IGNORE;
}
指定不映射某些值
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id;
private String name;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private Integer id;
private String name;
}
@Mapper
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
// name 值不做映射
@Mapping(source = "name", target = "name", ignore = true)
Target fromSource(Source source);
@InheritInverseConfiguration
Source toSource(Target target);
}
通过
@Mapping#ignore=true
来指定不需要做映射的值
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id;
private List<SourceItem> itemList;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class SourceItem {
private String identifier;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private Integer id;
private List<TargetItem> itemList;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class TargetItem {
private String identifier;
}
@Mapper
public interface SourceItemConverter {
SourceItemConverter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(SourceItemConverter.class);
TargetItem fromSourceItem(SourceItem sourceItem);
SourceItem toSourceItem(TargetItem targetItem);
}
@Mapper
public interface SourceConverter {
SourceConverter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(SourceConverter.class);
Target fromSource(Source source);
Source toSource(Target target);
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testFromSource();
testToSource();
}
private static void testFromSource(){
Target target = SourceConverter.INSTANCE.fromSource(new Source(1, Arrays.asList(new SourceItem("111"), new SourceItem("112"))));
System.out.println(target);
}
private static void testToSource(){
Source source = SourceConverter.INSTANCE.toSource(new Target(2, Arrays.asList(new TargetItem("222"), new TargetItem("223"))));
System.out.println(source);
}
}
各写各的映射器,应用的时候是需要调用最外层的映射器即可。
更新目标类而不是新建目标类
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Source {
private Integer id;
private String name;
}
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
public class Target {
private Integer id;
private String name;
}
@Mapper
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
/**
* id 不做更新,其他 source 的属性更新到 target
* @param source
* @param target
*/
@Mapping(target = "id", ignore = true)
void fromSource(Source source, @MappingTarget Target target);
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
testFromSource();
}
private static void testFromSource(){
Source source = new Source(1, "sourceName");
Target target = new Target(2, "targetName");
Converter.INSTANCE.fromSource(source, target);
System.out.println(target);
}
}
MapStruct 原理
以上述的最简示例为例,在项目编译时,会把如下转换接口动态编译出实现类(底层使用了 APT 技术,APT 示例见这里)。实现类与手写的转换器类似,使用构造器或者 setter/getter 进行操作。
在运行时,直接执行该实现类,所以性能与手写几乎相同。
@Mapper
public interface Converter {
Converter INSTANCE = Mappers.getMapper(Converter.class);
Target fromSource(Source source);
Source toSource(Target target);
}
其实现类如下:
package xxx; // 与接口所在的包名相同
import javax.annotation.Generated;
@Generated(
value = "org.mapstruct.ap.MappingProcessor",
date = "2021-01-21T21:19:02+0800",
comments = "version: 1.4.1.Final, compiler: javac, environment: Java 1.8.0_151 (Oracle Corporation)"
)
public class ConverterImpl implements Converter {
@Override
public Target fromSource(Source source) {
if ( source == null ) {
return null;
}
Integer id = null;
String name = null;
id = source.getId();
name = source.getName();
Target target = new Target( id, name );
return target;
}
@Override
public Source toSource(Target target) {
if ( target == null ) {
return null;
}
Integer id = null;
String name = null;
id = target.getId();
name = target.getName();
Source source = new Source( id, name );
return source;
}
}