中考英语语法之句子的种类及经典例题分析
2016-11-17 中考英语朱老师
英语中句子种类虽然看似简单,但非常重要。现整理给大家,有需要的同学可以收藏,也欢迎大家转发给更多需要的朋友!
(一)句子种类概述
句子按用途可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
(二)基础知识梳理
1.陈述句
陈述句用来说明事实或表示说话人的看法。
1)陈述句的肯定形式。如:
We are students.
We must obey the traffic rules.
We clean the room every day.
2)陈述句的否定形式
把陈述句改为否定句可以归纳为以下三种情况:
(1)在be,have,will,shall(包括情态动词)后直接加not。如:
We aren't students.
You needn't hand in your homework today.
(2)在助动词do,does,或did后加not,再把它们放在行为动词前面,而行为动词用原形。如:
We don't clean the room every day.
(3)否定句可由其他形式表示。如句中出现no,nobody,few,little,neither,hardly,nor,never等。如:
There are no books on the desk.
I can hardly answer your question.
Neither of the twins is a doctor.
2.疑问句
疑问句就是提出问题,让对方作出回答。英语中有四种疑问句,即一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。
1)一般疑问句
用于询问一个事实是否属实,其回答通常是Yes或No。其结构为:
be,will,have,助动词+主语+(主动词)/宾语
如:Is she a university teacher?
Will it be windy tomorrow?
Did he take part in the maths contest yesterday?
2)特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句对句中某一特定部分提问,以特殊疑问词开头根据实际情况,不必用Yes或No回答。常见的特殊疑问词有what,who,whom,when,what,time,where,why,which,whose,how old,how many+可数名词复数,how much+不可数名词,how long,how far,how fast,how soon等。其结构为:
疑问句+一般疑问句语句
如:Who has lunch fastest at school in our class?
What are you doing now?
How long have you lived here?
3)选择疑问句
选择疑问句通常提供两种或两种以上情况,询问对方选择哪一种。回答时选择一种,不必用Yes或No。
一般疑问句+A or B
如:Is there any coffee or water in the cup?
Do you often play basketball or play the piano?
特殊疑问句,A or B? 或A,B or C?
如:Which is the biggest, the moon, the earth or the sun?
Which do you like better, the record or the ball?
4)反意疑问句
由两部分组成,前半句为陈述句,后半句是一个附着在前半句上的简短问句,回答时用Yes或No。它的构成和回答主要如下:
(1)肯定陈述句+否定附加疑问部分?
如:They are interested in collecting stamps, aren't they?
一Yes,they are. 是的,他们对集邮感兴趣的。
一No,they aren't. 不,他们对集邮不感兴趣的。
(2)否定陈述句+肯定附加疑问部分?
如:Tom didn't pass the exam, did he?
一Yes,he did. 不,他通过考试。
一No,he didn't. 9是,他没通过。
3.祈使句
祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、邀请、劝告等。
1)祈使句的肯定结构
如:Come in,please.
Let me have a try.
Let's go to the cinema together.
2)祈使句的否定结构是在动词前面加上don't,
如: Don't be late for school.
Don't walk on the grass.
4.感叹句
1) 感叹句表达说话人说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪。它常由what或how开头或引导。
感叹词What+强调部分(名词)+主语+动词谓语
如:What a mess picture it is!
What an exciting film we saw yesterday!
2) 感叹词How+强调部分(形容词或副词)+主语+动词谓语
如:How wonderful the film is!
(三)经典例题解析
1. My mother has sports on Friday afternoon.改成否定句
2. There are some books and computers on the desks.改成否定句
3.He's seldom late for school__________?
A. hasn't he B.isn't he C.has he D.is he
4. Let's take a walk outside,_______?
A. don't we B.will you C.shall we D.have we
5.I don't think he has to go,_________?
A. do I B.has he C.hasn't he D.does he
6. ____________do you prefer, rice or noodles?
A. What B.Which C.How D.When
7. Mrs Black came to China in 1980.
Mrs Black has been in China since 1980.
8._________important news is to everybody in a modem city!
A. What B.How C.What an D.How an
9. A:____is it from our school to the museum?
B:About 20 minutes' walk.
A. How long B.How fast C.How far D.How soon
10. A:____does Peter weigh now?
B:44 kilos.
A. How heavy B,How C.How much D.What
参考答案
1.My other doesn't have sports on Friday afternoon.
【解析】 这类句子中的has并不是表示“有”的意思,而是“have sports”这个词组中的行为动词,表示“进行体育活动”的意思。所以在改成否定句时,应加助动词does来进行否定。需要注意的是,在用了助动词之后,行为动词就必须用原形。
2.There aren't any books or computers on the desks.
或:There are no books or computers on the desks.
There are no books and no computers on the desks.
【解析】 在把上述这类肯定句改成否定句时,同学们能够把some改成any,但往往会忘记把and改成or。
3. 【解析】 此句答案为D。在反意疑问句中要注意前半句用肯定,反意疑问句则用否定形式,前半句为否定,反意疑问句要用肯定形式。此句中seldom表示否定"很少”,这样看来 A、B答案不正确。而由于be late for是习惯用语,所以选D。另外,表示否定的此类副词还有little,few,never,hardly等。
4. 【解析】答案选C。祈使句的反意疑问句,一般都用will you,只有Let's开头的句子才用shall we。如:
Open the door please, will you?
Don't open the door, will you?
Let us discuss it,will you?
Let's discuss it,shall we?
5.【解析】 答案选D。在主句I think( believe)...+宾语从句的反意疑问句时,后半句疑问部分中的动词和主语应该和宾语从句中的动词和主语保持一致,如果主句肯定,反意部分用否定。如果主句否定,反意部分则用肯定。而此句的从句为has to结构,它的否定是助动词does结构,所以选D。
6.【解析】答案选B。从本句的意思来看,它表达的是你喜欢什么或哪一个,C或D显然不成立,而问句中有两项选择范围,因此应该选B。
7.【解析】 这两句句子放在一起作为划线提问有一定的针对性。第一句表达过去某时间布莱克先生来中国,因此提问词应用When。而第二句表达自1980年到现在为止,布莱克先生一直呆在中国,其侧重点在于很长时间了,因此提问词应用How long。
8.【解析】答案选B。在做感叹句练习时,一定要注意找准感叹部分的中心词。这个中心词常常是在句子主语之前。此句的谓语是is,而主语是news,那么important就是强调的中心词,因此只能用How。其实这个句子真正的表达是:
News is very important to everybody in a modem city.
9.【解析】答案选C。这道题问的是学校到博物馆之间的距离有多远,所以选C。how long表达多长。How fast表达速度多快。How soon表达时间多久,多用于将来时态。
10.【解析】 答案选C。在表达人或物有多重时有如下三种方式:(1) How much does it weigh? (2) How heavy is it? (3) What's the weight of it?因此本题选C。
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