国际咨询机构麦肯锡公司的研究显示，以 1990 年国际元来计算，当一个经济体的人均 GDP达到 1 万国际元（即处于中等收入的工业化和城市化阶段）时，其制造业份额将达到峰值，占 GDP比重大多处于 30% 到 40% 之间的水平上。此后，随着人均 GDP 进一步增加，制造业份额反而会慢下降，到 3 万国际元时，制造业份额甚至会低于 10%。制造业比重的下降一度被认为是工业化完成以及经济体进入高收入阶段的重要标志。进入数字经济时代，人工智能、物联网等技术的触角早就伸向了制造业。摆脱在全球制造业价值链分布中的低端位置，实现由“微笑曲线”到“武藏曲线”和“数字化曲线”的根本性反转是中国的制造业在从“中国制造”向“中国智慧”转型的目标，在这个过程中，数字化转型是必然之选。制造企业推进数字化转型是实现智能制造的基础和必要条件。数字化和自动化是企业实现智能制造的两大支柱，自动化系统要实现柔性，必须依赖数字化系统的支撑。
企业的数字化转型，需要同时具备制造业思维与互联网思维的产品经理担当大任，当下互联网企业裁员严重，许多人站在十字路口不知何去何从，也许在制造业做一名产品经理会是保险的选择。制造业的产品经理不同于C端产品，需要产品经理熟练业务与技术，站得高看得远，打通线上与线下。今天给大家推荐几本适合想从事制造业的互联网人必读书籍。
Product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components. This paper further defines product architecture, provides a typology of product architectures, and articulates the potential linkages between the architecture of the product and five areas of managerial importance: (1) product change; (2) product variety; (3) component standardization; (4) product performance; and (5) product development management. The paper is conceptual and foundational, synthesizing fragments from several different disciplines, including software engineering, design theory, operations management and product development management. The paper is intended to raise awareness of the far-reaching implications of the architecture of the product, to create a vocabulary for discussing and addressing the decisions and issues that are linked to product architecture, and to identify and discuss specific trade-offs associated with the choice of a product architecture.
产品架构是将产品的功能分配给物理组件的方案。本文进一步定义了产品架构，提供了产品架构的类型，并阐明了产品架构与五个重要管理领域之间的潜在联系:(1)产品变化;(2)产品种类;(3)组件标准化;(4)产品性能;(5)产品开发管理。本文是概念性和基础性的，综合了几个不同学科的片段，包括软件工程、设计理论、运营管理和产品开发管理。本文旨在提高对产品体系结构的深远影响的认识，创建一个词汇表，用于讨论和解决与产品体系结构相关的决策和问题，并确定和讨论与产品体系结构选择相关的具体权衡。
2.Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy
The transition within business from a linear to a circular economy brings with it a range of practical challenges for companies. The following question is addressed: What are the product design and business model strategies for companies that want to move to a circular economy model? This paper develops a framework of strategies to guide designers and business strategists in the move from a linear to a circular economy. Building on Stahel, the terminology of slowing, closing, and narrowing resource loops is introduced. A list of product design strategies, business model strategies, and examples for key decision-makers in businesses is introduced, to facilitate the move to a circular economy. This framework also opens up a future research agenda for the circular economy.
企业内部从线性经济向循环经济的转变给企业带来了一系列实际的挑战。下面的问题是:对于想要转向循环经济模式的公司来说，产品设计和商业模式策略是什么?本文提出了一个战略框架，以指导设计师和商业战略家从线性经济向循环经济的转变。在Stahel的基础上，引入了放慢、关闭和缩小资源循环的术语。介绍了产品设计策略、商业模式策略和企业关键决策者的实例，以促进循环经济的发展。这一框架也为循环经济的未来研究提供了一个思路。
