Professor: Did you prepare your lessons before your class?  Ok. What's edema?

教授：上课前你预习功课了吗？什么是水肿？

Student: Edema is an observable swelling in certain parts of the body, which most commonly occurs in the feet and legs.

学生：水肿是指身体某些部位出现肿胀，通常发生在脚和腿。

Professor: Then what causes the swelling.

那是什么导致水肿呢？

Student: The swelling is the result of the accumulation of excess fluid under the skin , in the spaces within the tissues that are outside of the blood vessels.

肿胀是因为液体在皮下和血管外组织的过多积累。

Professor: What is putting edema?

什么是凹陷行水肿？

Student: Pitting edema can be demonstrated by applying pressure to the skin of swollen leg, by depressing the skin with a finger.

通过手指按压肿胀的下肢和皮肤就可以鉴别出凹陷性水肿。

Professor: What will happen if you press the skin of a swollen leg.

如果按压肿胀的下肢会出现什么情况？

Student: If the pressing causes an indentation in the skin that persists for some time after the release of the pressure, the edema is referred to as pitting edema.

如果按压后皮肤出现凹陷，并且停止按压后一段时间才能回复，这样的水肿就是凹陷性水肿。

Professor: And now does it differ from non-pitting edema?

如何与非凹陷性水肿区别呢？

Student: In non-pitting edema, pressure that is applied to the skin does not result in a persistence indentation.

在非凹陷性水肿中，这样的按压皮肤不会出现持续性的凹陷。

Professor: Which patients might have non-pitting edema?

怎么样的病人会出现非凹陷性水肿呢?

Student: Non-pitting edema can occur in certain disorders of the lymphatic system and in some patients with hypothyroidism.

非凹陷型水肿可能发生在淋巴系统疾病和甲状腺功能减退等疾病的病人中。

Professor: What causes pitting edema?

凹陷性水肿的原因是什么?

Student: Edema is caused by either systemic diseases or by local conditions involving just the affected extremities.

水肿即可以由全身性疾病也可以由肢体受影响的局部性疾病引起。

Professor: Could you list some common systemic diseases?

你能列举出一些常见的全省性疾病吗?

Student: The most common systemic diseases that are associated with edema involve the hesrt, liver, and kidney.

引起水肿最常见的全省性疾病包括心脏，肝脏和肾脏疾病

Professor: What are the most common local conditions that cause edema?

引起水肿常见的局部性原因是什么?

Student: The most common local conditions are varicose veins and thrombus of the veins of the legs, which can cause inadequate pumping of the blood by the veins.

最常见的局部性原因有下肢静脉曲张和 深静脉血栓，这些能导致静脉血流不充分。

Professor: How does salt intake affect edema?

盐的摄入是如何影响水肿的?

Student: If the patient has the kidney disease, the ability to excrete salt in the urine is limited, which causes the patient to retain water and develop edema.

如果病人有肾脏疾病，尿清除盐的能力就会受到限制，而导致病人体内的水分增加出现水肿。

Professor: Ok.  Very good. Next period we will go on to discuss the cure of edema.  Good-bye.

很好，下次我们将讨论水肿的治疗，再见

Student: Good-bye.

再见。