我们前面提到了进程是由若干线程组成的，一个进程至少有一个线程。
多线程优点：
- 在一个进程中的多线程和主线程分享相同的数据空间，因此可以很容易的分享信息和通信。
- 线程有时候被称为轻量级进程，并且他们不需要太多的内存开销，比起进程更低成本。
一个线程都有一个开始,一个执行序列和一个结论。它有一个指令指针用在目前运行在的上下文中跟踪。
- 他可以被抢占（中断）
- 当在其他线程运行的时候可以被临时挂起
Python的标准库提供了两个模块：thread和threading，thread是低级模块，threading是高级模块，对thread进行了封装。绝大多数情况下，我们只需要使用threading这个高级模块。
#!/usr/bin/python
import threading
import time
exitFlag = 0
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
print_time(self.name, self.counter, 5)
print "Exiting " + self.name
def print_time(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
if exitFlag:
threadName.exit()
time.sleep(delay)
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))
counter -= 1
# Create new threads
thread1 = myThread(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread(2, "Thread-2", 2)
# Start new Threads
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
print "Exiting Main Thread"
运行结果：
Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Exiting Main Thread
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:03 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:04 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:05 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:06 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:10:07 2013
Exiting Thread-1
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:08 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:10 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:10:12 2013
Exiting Thread-2
也可以如下使用：
import time, threading
# 新线程执行的代码:
def loop():
print 'thread %s is running...' % threading.current_thread().name
n = 0
while n < 5:
n = n + 1
print 'thread %s >>> %s' % (threading.current_thread().name, n)
time.sleep(1)
print 'thread %s ended.' % threading.current_thread().name
def create_thread():
# 启动一个线程就是把一个函数传入并创建Thread实例，然后调用start()开始执行
# 由于任何进程默认就会启动一个线程，我们把该线程称为主线程，主线程又可以启动新的线程
print 'thread %s is running...' % threading.current_thread().name
t = threading.Thread(target=loop, name='LoopThread')
t.start()
t.join()
print 'thread %s ended.' % threading.current_thread().name
if __name__ == '__main__':
create_thread()
# more_threading()
运行结果：
thread MainThread is running...
thread LoopThread is running...
thread LoopThread >>> 1
thread LoopThread >>> 2
thread LoopThread >>> 3
thread LoopThread >>> 4
thread LoopThread >>> 5
thread LoopThread ended.
thread MainThread ended.
锁
#!/usr/bin/python
import threading
import time
class myThread_Lock (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, counter):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.counter = counter
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
# Get lock to synchronize threads
threadLock.acquire()
print_time_second(self.name, self.counter, 3)
# Free lock to release next thread
threadLock.release()
def print_time_second(threadName, delay, counter):
while counter:
time.sleep(delay)
print "%s: %s" % (threadName, time.ctime(time.time()))
counter -= 1
def test_lock():
threads = []
# Create new threads
thread1 = myThread_Lock(1, "Thread-1", 1)
thread2 = myThread_Lock(2, "Thread-2", 2)
# Start new Threads
thread1.start()
thread2.start()
# Add threads to thread list
threads.append(thread1)
threads.append(thread2)
# Wait for all threads to complete
for t in threads:
t.join()
print "Exiting Main Thread"
if __name__ == "__main__":
# test()
test_lock()
运行结果:
Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:11:28 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:11:29 2013
Thread-1: Thu Mar 21 09:11:30 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:11:32 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:11:34 2013
Thread-2: Thu Mar 21 09:11:36 2013
Exiting Main Thread
再来
#!/usr/bin/python
import Queue
import threading
import time
exitFlag = 0
class myThread (threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, threadID, name, q):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.threadID = threadID
self.name = name
self.q = q
def run(self):
print "Starting " + self.name
process_data(self.name, self.q)
print "Exiting " + self.name
def process_data(threadName, q):
while not exitFlag:
queueLock.acquire()
if not workQueue.empty():
data = q.get()
queueLock.release()
print "%s processing %s" % (threadName, data)
else:
queueLock.release()
time.sleep(1)
threadList = ["Thread-1", "Thread-2", "Thread-3"]
nameList = ["One", "Two", "Three", "Four", "Five"]
queueLock = threading.Lock()
workQueue = Queue.Queue(10)
threads = []
threadID = 1
# Create new threads
for tName in threadList:
thread = myThread(threadID, tName, workQueue)
thread.start()
threads.append(thread)
threadID += 1
# Fill the queue
queueLock.acquire()
for word in nameList:
workQueue.put(word)
queueLock.release()
# Wait for queue to empty
while not workQueue.empty():
pass
# Notify threads it's time to exit
exitFlag = 1
# Wait for all threads to complete
for t in threads:
t.join()
print "Exiting Main Thread"
运行结果：
Starting Thread-1
Starting Thread-2
Starting Thread-3
Thread-1 processing One
Thread-2 processing Two
Thread-3 processing Three
Thread-1 processing Four
Thread-2 processing Five
Exiting Thread-3
Exiting Thread-1
Exiting Thread-2
Exiting Main Thread
再来：
import time, threading
balance = 0
lock = threading.Lock()
def change_it(n):
# 先存后取，结果应该为0:
global balance
balance = balance + n
balance = balance - n
def run_thread_uselock(n):
# 当多个线程同时执行lock.acquire()时，只有一个线程能成功地获取锁，然后继续执行代码，其他线程就继续等待直到获得锁为止。
for i in range(100000):
# 先要获取锁:
lock.acquire()
try:
# 放心地改吧:
change_it(n)
finally:
# 改完了一定要释放锁:
lock.release()
def run_thread(n):
for i in range(100000):
change_it(n)
def more_threading():
# 多线程和多进程最大的不同在于，多进程中，同一个变量，各自有一份拷贝存在于每个进程中，互不影响，
# 而多线程中，所有变量都由所有线程共享，所以，任何一个变量都可以被任何一个线程修改，
# 因此，线程之间共享数据最大的危险在于多个线程同时改一个变量，把内容给改乱了。
# t1 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(5,))
# t2 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread, args=(8,))
t3 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread_uselock, args=(5,))
t4 = threading.Thread(target=run_thread_uselock, args=(8,))
# t1.start()
# t2.start()
# t1.join()
# t2.join()
t3.start()
t4.start()
t3.join()
t4.join()
print balance # result may not be 0,but it should be 0 in normal.
if __name__ == '__main__':
# create_thread()
more_threading()
运行结果：0
