1.Strategies to orientate the audience

1'A surprising statement

It could be a fact, opinion, a reality or a projection.

2'Hypothetical illustration

projection to future or how past might be

3'Reference to a historical event

4'Question or series of questions

5'Reference to some current event

  news and so on.

6'Quotation

'Regardless of whether it's a white cat or a black one, it's a good cat if it can catch the rats'--- Deng Xiaopin

7'An image

visual assistant or visual effect

8'A personal anecdote, story or joke

9'A brief survey to engage with the aud