On Reading Minds 4  (2'36)

So that's good, but of course what we'd rather is have a way to interfere with function with this brain region, and see if we could change people's moral judgement.

And we do have such a tool.

It's called Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, or TMS.

This is a tool that let us pass a magnetic pulse through somebody's skull, into a small region  or their brain, and temporarily disorganize the function of the neuron in that region.

So I''m going to show you a demo of this.

First, I'm going to show you, to show you that this is a magnetic pulse.

I'm going to show you what happens when I put a quarter on the machine. When you hear " clicks", we're turning the machine on.

So now I'm going to apply that same pulse to my brain, to the part of my brain that controls my hand.

So there's no physical force, just a magnetic pulse.

Okay, so it causes a small involuntary contraction in my hand by putting a magnetic pulse in my brain.

And when we can use that same pulse, now applied to the RTPJ,  to ask if we can change people's moral judgements.

So these are the judgements I showed you before, people's normal moral judgements.

And then we can apply TMS to the RTPJ and ask how people's judgements change.

And the first thing is, people can still do this task overall.

So their judgements of the case when everything was fine remain the same.  They say she deserves no blame.

But in the case of a failed attempt to harm, where Grace thought that it was poison, although it was really sugar.

people now say it was more okay, she deserves less blame for putting the powder in the coffee.

And in the case of the accident, where she thought that it was sugar, but it was really poison and so she caused a death.

people say that it was okay, she deserves more blame.

So what I told you today is that people come actually, especially well equipped to think about other people's thoughts.

We have a special brain system that lets us think about what other people are thinking.

This system takes a long time to develop, slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence.

And even in adulthood, differences in this brain region can explain differences among adults in how we think about and judge other people.

But I want to give the last word back to the novelists, and to Philip Roth, who ended by saying.

"The fact remains that getting people right is not what living is all about anyway. it's getting them wrong that is living.

Getting them wrong and wrong and wrong, and then on careful reconsideration, getting them wrong again.

1. Why did Saxe ask Philip Roth again at the end of speech?

...to tie the ending of the speech to the beginning.

2. In the demonstration, transcranial magnetic stimulation is a tool to?

...disorganize the function of RTPJ

3. 选词填空

This system takes a long time to develop, slowly throughout the course of childhood and into early adolescence.

4.听 复述

We have a special brain system that lets us think about what other people are thinking.

5. She conducts the experiment to see if it's possible to change people's moral judgements.

6.