学习内容:
- 如何有效加载 Bitmap
- Android 常用的缓存策略
- LurChche - 内存缓存
- DiskLurCache - 存储缓存
- 优化列表的卡顿现象
1. Bitmap 的高效加载
如何加载图片?
四类方法:
- BitmapFactory.decodeFile / decodeResource / decodeStream / decodeByteArray
- 分别对应从 文件系统 / 资源 / 输入流 / 以及字节数组 中加载 Bitmap 对象
- 关系:decodeFile 和 decodeResource 间接调用了 decodeStream
如何高效加载图片?
核心思想:采用 BitmapFactory.Options 加载所需尺寸的图片
说明:主要是 inSampleSize 参数,即采样率。inSampleSize 为 1 时,表示原始大小;当 inSampleSize 为 2 时,采样后的图片 宽/高 均变为原来的 1/2,即整个图片缩小为原来的 1/4。inSampleSize 必须大于 1 才能起作用,效果以此类推。
-
具体方法(获取采样率):
- 将 BitmapFactory.Options 的 inJustDecodeBounds 参数设为 true 并加载图片
- 从 BitmapFactory.Options 中取出图片的原始宽/高信息,对应于 outWidth 和 outHeight 参数
- 计算所需的采样率 inSampleSize
- 将 BitmapFactory.Options 的 inJustDecodeBounds 参数设为 false,然后重新加载图片
inJustDecodeBounds 参数设为 true 时,BitmapFactory 只会解析图片的原始 宽/高 信息,并不会真正的加载图片
2. Android 中的缓存策略
为什么需要缓存?
两方面原因:提高程序效率 + 节约流量开销
缓存策略
一般来说,缓存策略主要包括 缓存的添加、获取 和 删除 这三个操作。
目前常用的一种缓存算法是 LRU,即最近最少使用算法,核心思想是缓存满了时,优先淘汰最近最少使用的缓存对象。
2.1 LruCache
兼容性
LruCache 是 Android 3.1 提供的一个缓存类,如果需要兼容 3.1 以下的版本,则需要使用 support-v4 兼容包中提供的 LruCache
实现思想
LruCache 是一个泛型类,内部采用一个 LinkedHashMap 以强引用的方式存储外界的缓存对象,通过 get 和 set 方法完成缓存的获取和添加,当缓存满时,LruCache 会移除较早使用的缓存对象,然后添加新的缓存对象。
LruCache 是线程安全的。
关于 强引用、软引用和弱引用:
- 强引用:直接的对象引用
- 软引用:当一个对象只有软引用存在时,系统内存不足时此对象会被 GC 回收
- 弱引用:当一个对象只有弱引用存在时,此对象随时被 GC 回收
原理
留待后续学习。
具体使用
- 创建:提供缓存的总容量大小并重写 sizeOf 方法
- 获取:get 方法
- 添加:put 方法
- 删除:remove 方法删除指定的缓存对象
2.2 DiskLruCache
简述
DiskLruCache 用于实现存储设备缓存,通过将缓存对象写入文件系统从而实现缓存的效果。
源码地址:https://github.com/JakeWharton/DiskLruCache
使用方式
-
DiskLruCache 的创建
- 通过
public static DiskLruCache open(File directory, int appVersion, int valueCount, long maxSize)
方法创建自身。 - 参数:
- directory:磁盘缓存在文件系统中的存储路径
- appVersion:应用的版本号,一般设为 1 即可
- valueCount:单个节点所对应的数据的个数,一般设为 1 即可
- maxSize:缓存总大小,超过这个设定值后,会清除一些缓存
- 典型代码如下:
private static final long DISK_CACHE_SIZE = 1024 * 1024 * 50; //50MB File diskCacheDir = getDiskCacheDir(mContext,"bitmap"); if (!diskCacheDir.exists()) { distCacheDir.mkdirs(); } mDiskLurCache = DiskLruCache.open(diskCacheDir, 1, 1, DISK_CACHE_SIZE);
- 通过
-
DiskLruCache 的缓存添加
核心:通过 Editor 完成,Editor 表示一个缓存对象的编辑对象
-
步骤:
-
获取图片 url 对应的 key
public static String hashKeyFromUrl(String key) { String cacheKey; try { final MessageDigest mDigest = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5"); mDigest.update(key.getBytes()); cacheKey = bytesToHexString(mDigest.digest()); } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { cacheKey = String.valueOf(key.hashCode()); } return cacheKey; } private static String bytesToHexString(byte[] bytes) { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) { String hex = Integer.toHexString(0xFF & bytes[i]); if (hex.length() == 1) { sb.append('0'); } sb.append(hex); } return sb.toString(); }
-
根据 key 通过 edit() 获取 Editor 对象,得到输出流,并再下载图片时通过该输出流写入到文件系统,最后通过 commit() 提交。
注意:此部分应当通过 子线程 执行,避免下载图片造成 ANR;String key = Util.hashKeyFromUrl(url); //得到DiskLruCache.Editor DiskLruCache.Editor editor = diskLruCache.edit(key); if (editor != null) { OutputStream outputStream = editor.newOutputStream(0); if (downloadUrlToStream(Util.IMG_URL, outputStream)) { publishProgress(""); //写入缓存 editor.commit(); } else { //写入失败 editor.abort(); } }
-
关于下载图片:
private boolean downloadUrlToStream(String urlString, OutputStream outputStream) { HttpURLConnection urlConnection = null; BufferedOutputStream out = null; BufferedInputStream in = null; try { final URL url = new URL(urlString); urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection(); in = new BufferedInputStream(urlConnection.getInputStream(), IO_BUFFER_SIZE); out = new BufferedOutputStream(outputStream, IO_BUFFER_SIZE); int b; while ((b = in.read()) != -1) { out.write(b); } return true; } catch (Exception e) { Log.e(TAG, "Error in downloadBitmap - " + e); } finally { if (urlConnection != null) { urlConnection.disconnect(); } try { if (out != null) { out.close(); } if (in != null) { in.close(); } } catch (final IOException e) { } } return false; }
-
-
DiskLruCache 的缓存查找
-
将 url 转换为 key,然后通过 DiskLruCache 的 get 方法得到一个 Snapshot 对象,接着通过 Snapshot.getInputStream() 即可得到缓存的文件输入流,进而得到缓存图片:
private Bitmap getCache() { try { String key = Util.hashKeyFromUrl(url); DiskLruCache.Snapshot snapshot = diskLruCache.get(key); if (snapshot != null) { InputStream in = snapshot.getInputStream(0); return BitmapFactory.decodeStream(in); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return null; }
-
-
关于 FileInputStream 下的缩放
不适用 BitmapFactory.Options 缩放的方法:原因在于 两次 decodeStream 调用影响了文件流的位置属性,导致第二次 decodeStream 得到 null。
-
解决方法:文件描述符
Bitmap bitmap = null; String key = Util.hashKeyFromUrl(url); DiskLruCache.Snapshot snapshot = diskLruCache.get(key); if (snapshot != null) { FileInputStream in = (FileInputStream)snapshot.getInputStream(0); FileDescriptor fd = fildInputStream.getFD(); bitmap = mImageResizer.decodeSampleBitmapFromFileDecriptor(fd,reqWidth,reqHeight); if(bitmap != null){ addBitmapToMemoryCache(key, bitmap); } }
2.3 ImageLoader 的实现
优秀的 ImageLoader 应当具备的功能:
- 图片的异步加载
- 图片的同步加载
- 图片压缩:降低 OOM
- 内存缓存:核心,提高效率并降低流量消耗
- 磁盘缓存:核心,提高效率并降低流量消耗
- 网络拉取:当两种缓存都不可用时,通过网络拉取图片
代码实现
图片压缩部分
public class ImageResizer {
/**
* 从资源文件中加载图片。
* @param res
* @param resId
* @param reqWidth
* @param reqHeight
* @return
*/
public static Bitmap decodeSampleBitmapFromResource(Resources res,int resId,int reqWidth,int reqHeight){
BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
//第一个options设置为true,去加载图片
options.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
BitmapFactory.decodeResource(res,resId,options);
//计算采样率
options.inSampleSize = calculateInSampleSize(options,reqWidth,reqHeight);
options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
return BitmapFactory.decodeResource(res,resId,options);
}
/**
* 从内存卡中加载图片
* @param fd
* @param reqWidth
* @param reqHeight
* @return
*/
public static Bitmap decodeSampleBitmapFromFile(FileDescriptor fd,int reqWidth,int reqHeight){
BitmapFactory.Options options = new BitmapFactory.Options();
options.inJustDecodeBounds = true;
BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fd,null,options);
options.inSampleSize = calculateInSampleSize(options,reqWidth,reqHeight);
options.inJustDecodeBounds = false;
return BitmapFactory.decodeFileDescriptor(fd,null,options);
}
/**
*计算图片的采样率
* 原理,如果设置的图片宽、高小于原图的宽、高。则inSampleSize呈2的指数缩小
* @param options
* @param reqWidth
* @param reqHeight
* @return
*/
private static int calculateInSampleSize(BitmapFactory.Options options,int reqWidth,int reqHeight){
if(reqHeight==0 || reqWidth ==0){
return 1;
}
//默认的采样率
int inSampleSize = 1;
//获取原图的宽高
int width = options.outWidth;
int height = options.outHeight;
if(width > reqWidth || height > reqHeight){
int halfWidth = width / 2;
int halfHeight = height / 2;
while((halfHeight / inSampleSize) >= reqHeight
&& (halfWidth / inSampleSize) >= reqWidth){
inSampleSize *= 2;
}
}
return inSampleSize;
}
}
ImageLoader 部分
public class ImageLoader {
private static final String TAG = "ImageLoader";
public static final int MESSAGE_POST_RESULT = 1;
//CPU 核心数
private static final int CPU_COUNT = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
//CPU 核心线程数
private static final int CORE_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT + 1;
private static final int MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE = CPU_COUNT * 2 + 1;
//线程超时时长
private static final long KEEP_ALIVE = 10L;
private static final int TAG_KEY_URI = R.id.imageloader_uri;
private static final long DISK_CACHE_SIZE = 1024 * 1024 * 50;
private static final int IO_BUFFER_SIZE = 8 * 1024;
private static final int DISK_CACHE_INDEX = 0;
private boolean mIsDiskLruCacheCreated = false;
private static final ThreadFactory sThreadFactory = new ThreadFactory() {
private final AtomicInteger mCount = new AtomicInteger(1);
public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
return new Thread(r, "ImageLoader#" + mCount.getAndIncrement());
}
}
public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(Runnable), sThreadFactory);
private Handler mMainHandler = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()) {
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
LoaderResult result = (LoaderResult) msg.obj;
ImageView imageView = result.imageView;
String uri = (String) imageView.getTag(TAG_KEY_URI);
if (uri.equals(result.uri)) {
imageView.setImageBitmap(result.bitmap);
} else {
Log.w(TAG, "set image bitmap,but url has changed,ignored!");
}
}
};
private Context mContext;
private ImageResizer mImageResizer = new ImageResizer();
private LruCache<String, Bitmap> mMemoryCache;
private DiskLruCache mDiskLruCache;
//无参构造方法,初始化 LruCache内存缓存 和 DiskLruCache磁盘缓存
private ImageLoader(Context context) {
mContext = context.getApplicationContext();
int maxMemory = (int) (Runtime.getRuntime().maxMemory / 1024);
int cacheSize = maxMemory / 8;
mMemoryCache = new LruCache<String, Bitmap>(cacheSize) {
protected int sizeOf(String key, Bitmap bitmap) {
return bitmap.getRowBytes() * bitmap.getHeight() / 1024;
}
};
File diskCacheDir = getDiskCacheDir(mContext, "bitmap");
if (!diskCacheDir.exists()) {
diskCacheDir.mkdirs();
}
if (getUsableSpace(diskCacheDir) > DISK_CACHE_SIZE) {
try {
mDiskLruCache = DiskLruCache.open(diskCacheDir, 1, 1, DISK_CACHE_SIZE);
mIsDiskLruCacheCreated = true;
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//提供给外界的创建接口
public static ImageLoader build(Context context) {
return new ImageLoader(context);
}
//内存缓存 的 添加
private void addBitmapToMemoryCache(String key, Bitmap bitmap) {
if (getBitmapFromMemCache(key) == null) {
mMemoryCache.put(key, bitmap);
}
}
//内存缓存 的 获取
private Bitmap getBitmapFromMemCache(String key) {
return mMemoryCache.get(key);
}
public void bindBitmap(final String uri, final ImageView imageView) {
bindBitmap(uri, imageView, 0, 0);
}
/**
* load bitmap from memory cache or disk or network async,then bind imageview and bitmap
* NOTE THAT: should run in UI thread
* 异步加载接口
*/
public void bindBitmap(final String uri, final ImageView imageView, final int reqWidth, final int reqHeight) {
imageView.setTag(TAG_KEY_URI, uri);
Bitmap bitmap = loadBitmapFromMemCache(uri);
if (bitmap != null) {
imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);
return;
}
Runnable loadBitmapTask = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
Bitmap bitmap = loadBitmap(uri, reqWidth, reqHeight);
if (bitmap != null) {
LoaderResult result = new LoaderResult(imageView, uri, bitmap);
mMainHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT, result).sendToTarget();
}
}
}
THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(loadBitmapTask);
}
//同步加载接口
public Bitmap loadBitmap(String uri, int reqWidth, int reqHeight) {
Bitmap bitmap = loadBitmapFromMemCache(uri);
if (bitmap != null) {
Log.d(TAG, "loadBitmapFromMemCache,url:" + uri);
return bitmap;
}
try {
bitmap = loadBitmapFromDiskCache(uri, reqWidth, reqHeight);
if (bitmap != null) {
Log.d(TAG, "loadBitmapFromDiskCache,url:" + uri);
return bitmap;
}
bitmap = loadBitmapFromHttp(uri, reqWidth, reqHeight);
Log.d(TAG, "loadBitmapFromHttp,url:" + uri);
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
if (bitmap == null && !mIsDiskLruCacheCreated) {
Log.w(TAG, "encounter error,DiskLruCache is not created.");
bitmap = downloadBitmapFromUrl(uri);
}
return bitmap;
}
private Bitmap loadBitmapFromMemCache(String url) {
final String key = hashKeyFromUrl(url);
Bitmap bitmap = getBitmapFromMemCache(key);
return bitmap;
}
//磁盘缓存 的 添加
private Bitmap loadBitmapFromHttp(String url, int reqWidth, int reqHeight) throws IOException {
if (Looper.myLooper() == Looper.getMainLooper()) {
throw new RuntimeException("can not visit network from UI Thread.");
}
if (mDiskLruCache == null) {
return null;
}
String key = hashKeyFromUrl(url);
DiskLruCache.Editor editor = mDiskLruCache.edit(key);
if (editor != null) {
OutputStream outputStream = editor.newOutputStream(DISK_CACHE_INDEX);
if (downloadUrlToStream(url, outputStream)) {
editor.commit();
} else {
editor.abort();
}
mDiskLruCache.flush();
}
return loadBitmapFromDiskCache(url, reqWidth, reqHeight);
}
//磁盘缓存 的 读取,并 添加 到 内存缓存
private Bitmap loadBitmapFromDiskCache(String url, int reqWidth, int reqHeight) {
if (Looper.myLooper() == Looper.getMainLooper()) {
Log.w(TAG, "load bitmap from UI Thread,it is not recommended!");
}
if (mDiskLruCache == null) {
return null;
}
Bitmap bitmap = null;
String key = hashKeyFromUrl(url);
DiskLruCache.SnapShot snapShot = mDiskLruCache.get(key);
if (snapShot != null) {
FileInputStream fileInputStream = (FileInputStream) snapShot.getInputStream(DISK_CACHE_INDEX);
FileDescriptor fileDescriptor = fileInputStream.getFD();
bitmap = mImageResizer.decodeSampledBitmapFromFileDescriptor(fileDescriptor, reqWidth, reqHeight);
if (bitmap != null) {
addBitmapToMemoryCache(key, bitmap);
}
}
return bitmap;
}
//将图片写入到本地文件中
public boolean downloadUrlToStream(String urlString, OutputStream outputStream) {
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = null;
BufferedOutputStream out = null;
BufferedInputStream in = null;
try {
final URL url = new URL(urlString);
urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
in = new BufferedInputStream(urlConnection.getInputStream(), IO_BUFFER_SIZE);
out = new BufferedOutputStream(outputStream, IO_BUFFER_SIZE);
int b;
while ((b = in.read()) != -1) {
out.write(b);
}
return true;
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "downloadBitmap failed." + e);
} finally {
if (urlConnection != null) {
urlConnection.disconnect();
}
MyUtils.close(out);
MyUtils.close(in);
}
return false;
}
//下载图片
private Bitmap downloadBitmapFromUrl(String urlString) {
Bitmap bitmap = null;
HttpURLConnection urlConnection = null;
BufferedInputStream in = null;
try {
final URL url = new URL(urlString);
urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
in = new BufferedInputStream(urlConnection.getInputStream(), IO_BUFFER_SIZE);
bitmap = BitmapFactory.decodeStream(in);
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.e(TAG, "Error in downloadBitmap:" + e);
} finally {
if (urlConnection != null) {
urlConnection.disconnect();
}
MyUtils.close(in);
}
return bitmap;
}
//将 url 转换为 key
private String hashKeyFromUrl(String url) {
String cacheKey;
try {
final MessageDigest mDigest = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
mDigest.update(url.getBytes());
cacheKey = bytesToHexString(mDigest.digest());
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
cacheKey = String.valueOf(url.hasCode());
}
return cacheKey;
}
private String bytesToHexString(byte[] bytes) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < bytes.length; i++) {
String hex = Integer.toHexString(0xFF & byte[i]);
if (hex.length() == 1) {
sb.append('0');
}
sb.append(hex);
}
return sb.toString();
}
public File getDiskCacheDir(Context context, String uniqueName) {
boolean externalStorageAvailable = Environment.getExternalStorageState().equals(Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED);
final String cachePath;
if (externalStorageAvailable) {
cachePath = context.getExternalCacheDir().getPath();
} else {
cachePath = context.getCacheDir().getPath();
}
return new File(cachePath + File.separator + uniqueName);
}
private long getUsableSpace(File path) {
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= VERSION_CODES.GINGERBREAD) {
return path.getUsableSpace();
}
final StatFs stats = new StatFs(path.getPath());
return (long) stats.getBloackSize() * (long) stats.getAvailableBlocks();
}
private static class LoaderResult {
public ImageView imageView;
public String uri;
public Bitmap bitmap;
public LoaderResult(ImageView imageView, String uri, Bitmap bitmap) {
this.imageView = imageView;
this.uri = uri;
this.bitmap = bitmap;
}
}
}
3. ImageLoader 的使用
3.1 照片墙效果
-
想要实现宽高相等的 ImageView 时,自定义一个 ImageView 子类,并在 onMeasure 方法中将 heightMeasureSpec 替换为 widthMeasureSpec 即可。这样做省时省力
@Override protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec,int heightMeasureSpec){ super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec,widthMeasureSpec); }
-
具体实现:
- ImageAdapter 的 getView 方法中,通过 ImageLoader.bindBitmap() 方法将图片加载过程交给 ImageLoader
3.2 优化列表的卡顿现象
一些建议
- 不要再 getView 中执行耗时操作,比如直接加载图片
- 控制异步任务的执行频率;如果用户可以频繁上下滑动,会在一瞬间产生大量异步任务,会造成线程池的拥堵并带来大量的 UI 更新操作。应当考虑在滑动时停止加载,列表停下来之后再加载图片。
- 开启硬件加速,通过设置 android:hardwareAccelerated="true"
大概就这么多吧。
本章结束。