Day 1
1.阅读时长
35minutes
2.第一遍关键字：
evidence—> scientific process—> observation—>speculative—>证伪—>不断推翻—>站在巨人的肩膀上—>
history(para. 8~20)—>continue
3.词汇
1.Perpetual
continuing forever in the same way永久的，永恒的；长期的
•Theylived inperpetualfearof being discovered and arrested.他们长期生活在恐惧中，担心被发现并遭到拘捕。
•He has hard, cold eyes and his mouth is setin aperpetualsneer.他双眼又凶又冷，嘴角总是挂着一丝蔑笑。
•aperpetualstudent终身学习者
■often repeated不断重复的；永无休止的
•perpetualvandalism对公共财物不断的蓄意破坏
2.Empirical
based on scientific testing or practical experience, not on
ideas以经验（或实验）为依据的；经验主义的；来自经验（或观察）的
This theory needs to be backed up with solidempiricaldata/evidence.这个理论需要翔实的实验资料／实际经验来支援。
•Empiricalstudiesshow that some
forms of alternative medicine are extremely effective.临床研究显示某些替代疗法极其有效。
3.Reinforce
ADVANCED
■to make something stronger加固；使更结实
•The pockets on my
jeansarereinforcedwithdouble stitching.我牛仔裤的裤兜缝了两道线，很结实。
ADVANCED
■If something reinforces an idea or opinion, it provides more proof or
support for it and makes it seem true强化，加深，进一步证实（观点、看法等）
•The finaltechnical report into the accidentreinforcesthe findings ofinitial investigations.对事故作出的最终的技术性报告进一步证实了最初的调查结果。
•His behaviourmerelyreinforcedmy dislike of him.他的行为只能使我更讨厌他。
■to provide an
army with more soldiers or weapons to make it stronger增援；加强…的力量；给…增强装备
•The garrison is tobereinforcedwith/byanother two battalions of soldiers.守备部队将得到另外两个营的增援。
4.Pickholesin theargument
l过错
■a mistake or problem in the reasoning of an argument, discussion, plan,
etc缺点，漏洞，破绽
•The new proposal has severalholesinit.那项新提案有几处漏洞。
lbe in a holeUKinformal
■to be in a difficult or an embarrassing situation处于困境；处于窘境
l•We've lost the
order andwe're in a bit of ahole.我们失去了订单，因而处境有些困难。
lbe in the holeUSinformal
■to be in debt欠债，亏空
l•After selling allits assets, the bank was still half a million dollars in thehole.卖掉所有资产之后，那家银行仍然欠债50万美元。
lmake a hole in
sthUK
■to reduce an amount of money by a lot大量消耗
l•The holiday made abigholein our savings but I'm glad we went.这次渡假花掉我们一大笔积蓄，但是我对这次旅行很满意
lneed sth like
you need a hole in the headhumorous
■to not need or want something at all根本不需要
l•Extra work? I needthat like I need aholein the head.额外的工作？我才不想做呢。
5.Falsify
to change
something, such as a document, in order to deceive people篡改，伪造（文件）
•The certificatehad clearly beenfalsified.这张证书很明显是伪造的。
the falsification of records
6.Speculative
猜测
1.■based on a guess and not on information猜测的；推测的，推断的
•The article wasdismissed as highlyspeculative.该文被斥为纯属臆测而未予理会。
highly/purely/largelyspeculative
2. bought or done in thehope of making a profit later:
投机性的，投机买卖的
•The office block was built as aspeculativeventure.盖这栋办公大楼是一桩投机生意。
3. if you give someone a speculative look, youlook at them while trying to guess something about them
—speculativelyadverb:Delaney eyed her speculatively.
7.Crashdown
to hit something,
often making a loud noise or causing damage（使）猛撞（常发出巨大声响或造成破坏）
•We could hearwavescrashingon/againstthe shore.我们能听到海浪哗哗地拍打着海岸。
If something such as a business crashes, it
suddenly fails or becomes unsuccessful（公司等）垮枱，破产，崩溃，崩盘
•Investors were seriously worried when thestock market began tocrash.股市开始狂跌，投资者们人心惶惶。
intransitive
■If a computer or system crashes, it suddenly stops operating（电脑或系统）瘫痪，死机
•My laptop'scrashedagain.我的笔记型电脑又死机了。
8.Simultaneously
things
that are simultaneous happen at exactly the same time:同时
grabbed each other’s hands in simultaneous panic.
to twenty users can have simultaneous access to the system.
simultaneous with
withdrawal of British troops should be simultaneous with that of US forces.
Thespeeches will be broadcast live, withsimultaneous translation(=immediate
translation, as the person is speaking)into English.
9.Overturn
■to (cause to)
turn over打翻，弄翻；（使）倾覆；（使）翻倒
•The car skiddedoff the road, hit a tree andoverturned.汽车滑出道路，撞到树上后翻了。
•The burglars hadoverturnedall the furniture in the house.入屋爆窃的贼人翻了屋子里所有家俱。
lIf you overturnsomeone's majorityin a British election,you defeat them在英国大选中因获得多数席位而获胜
•The Labour candidate unexpectedlyoverturnedthe long-standing Tory majority.工党候选人出乎意料地击败了长期以来占多数议席的保守党。
lto change a legal
decision推翻（法律裁决）
•The Court of Appealoverturnedthe earlier decision.上诉法庭推翻了早前作出的裁决
10.Demonstrate
lto show; to make
clear显示；表明
•These figuresclearlydemonstratethe size of the
economic problem facing the country.这些数字清楚表明了该国经济问题的严重程度。
•[+that]Research hasdemonstratedthat研究显示，
•These problemsdemonstratethe importanceof strategic planning.这些问题显示出了战略规划的重要性。
lto show something
and explain how it works展示，演示
•He's got a jobdemonstratingkitchen equipment in a department store.他找到一份在百货店示范厨房设备的工作。
•[+ question word] The teacherdemonstratedhowto use the equipment.老师示范了如何使用这种设备。
lto express or show
that you have a particular feeling, quality or ability表达；表露；表现；显露
•He hasdemonstrateda genuine interest in the project.他对该企划案表现出了极大兴趣。
•His answerdemonstratedacomplete lack of understanding of the question.他的回答表明他完全没有理解这个问题。
lto make a public
expression that you are not satisfied about something, especially by marching
or having a meeting示威，游行
•Thousands of people gathered todemonstrateagainstthe new proposals.数千人聚集在一起示威，抗议这些新提案。
11.Leap-frogging
to improve your
position by going past other people quickly or by missing out some stages跳升；越级提升
•They've
leapfrogged from third to first place.他们已经从第三位上升到了第一位。
•She leapfrogged
several older colleagues to get the manager's post.她越过几位年长的同事升到了经理的职位。
12.Precision
lthe quality of being exact准确（性），精确（性），精密（度）
lthe qualities of
being careful and accurate严谨；细致，认真
•His books are apleasure to read because he writes with such clarity andprecision.他的书读起来赏心悦目，因为他的写作清晰而又严谨。
13.Harbor
N．港湾
harbour2British
English,harborAmerican
Englishverb[transitive]
1. to keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long time:
Ithink he’sharbouring some sort of
grudgeagainst me.
Shebegan toharbour doubtsover thewisdom of their journey.
2. to contain something, especially something hidden and dangerous:
and draining boards can harbour germs.
3. to protect and hide criminals that the police are searching for
14.Decode
lto discover the
meaning of information given in a secret or complicated way破译，破解；解（码）
•Decodingthe paintings is not difficult once you know what the component partssymbolise.一旦明白了画中各部分的象征意义，也就不难搞清楚这幅画的含义了。
Compareencode
lto understand the
meaning of a word or phrase in a foreign language in the correct way正确理解（外语单词或短语）
•Grammaticalinformation helps learners todecodesentences.文法资讯有助于学习者正确理解句子的含义。
15.Daunting
making you feel
slightly frightened or worried about your ability to achieve something令人发怵的；使人气馁的
•In spite of
unification, the country was still faced with thedauntingprospectof overcoming four
decades of division.国家虽然实现了统一，但仍然面临着弥合40年的分裂这一难题
daunt
lUK[dɔ:nt]US[dɑ:nt]verbtransitive
often passive
■to make someone feel slightly frightened or worried about their abilityto achieve something; todiscourage使吓倒；使气馁
•She was not at alldauntedbythe size of the problem.她丝毫也没有被问题的严重性吓住
lnothing dauntedmainly UK
■still confident and enthusiastic despite a failure or problem不气馁的，再接再厉的
•She was rejectedthe first time she applied to the university, but, nothingdaunted,reapplied the following year and was accepted.她第一次向那间大学递交入学申请虽然遭到了拒绝，但没有气馁，第二年再次递交就被接收了。
16.Relentless
lcontinuing in a
severe or extreme way持续严厉的；持续强烈的
•relentlesscriticism/pressure不断的严厉批评／施压
•relentlessheat持续高温
17.Sequence
la series of
related things or events, or the order in which they follow each other一连串；一系列；顺序，次序
•The first chapter describes the strangesequenceof eventsthat lead to his death.第一章描述了造成他死亡的一连串奇特事件。
•Is there a particularsequencein which you have to perform these tasks?你是否得按一定的顺序完成这些任务？
•For the sake of convenience the photographs
are showninchronologicalsequence(= in the order in
which they were taken).为方便起见，照片按时间顺序展示。
18.Therapy/'θɛrəpi/
la treatment which
helps someone feel better, grow stronger, etc., especially after an illness治疗；疗法
•occupationaltherapy职业疗法
•speechtherapy言语治疗
•grouptherapy集体治疗
•Joining a club can beatherapyforloneliness.加入俱乐部可能是消解孤独的一种方法。
19.Dinosaur
la type of reptile
which stopped existing about 60,000,000 years ago. There were many different
types of dinosaur, some of which were extremely large.恐龙
■an old-fashioned person or thing that people no longer consider to be
useful老古董（指过时的人或物）
•This typewriter's a bit of adinosaur,isn't it?这种打字机有点过时了，是吗？
20.Quash
lto state
officially that something, especially an earlier official decision, is no
longer to be accepted撤销，废止，宣布…无效
•Hisconvictionwasquashedin March 1986 after his counsel argued that thepolice evidence was a tissue of lies.他的辩护人举证说明了警方的证据是一派谎言，于是在1986年3月撤销了对他的判决。
UK[kwɒʃ]US[kwɑ:ʃ]verbtransitive
STOP使停止
■to forcefully stop something that you do not want to happen镇压，平息
•Therevolt was swiftlyquashedby government
troops.叛乱很快就被政府军镇压住了。
•The company moved quickly toquashrumours/speculationthat it is losing
money.公司迅速地采取行动，平息了亏损的谣言。
