What could have explained why the different groups had very different
scores? On average, the northern Europeans had been in the United States
for twenty or more years and therefore were fluent in English and reasonably well educated. In contrast, the southern and central Europeans had arrived more recently and were neither fluent in English nor (since many were poor) well educated. Finally, many U.S.-born blacks had been denied the opportunity for an education.
To avoid hasty conclusions, identify all possible conclusions before
you select any one. Then decide whether you have sufficient evidence to
support any of those conclusions and, if so, which conclusion that is.
Remember that there is no shame in postponing judgment until you obtain
additional evidence.
怎么解释不同的人群有不同的得分呢？平均下来，北欧人在美国二十多年或更久，理所当然在英语上很流畅，并且接受了良好的教育。对比之下，南部和中部欧洲人更近期才到达美国，并且在英语方面不流利，也没受过好的教育（因为很多人贫穷）。最后，许多美国出生的黑人被剥夺了受教育的机会。
为了避免仓促的决定，要在你选择一个结论前识别所有可能的决定。然后决定你是否有充分的证据支持这些决定中的一个并且，假如这样的话，支持的是哪个结论。记住推迟判断直到你找到额外的证据没什么好羞耻的
