python 模块安装

python模块的安装可以通过，下载源码手动安装，也可以通过第三方工具自动化安装。
使用第三方工具，如pip，进行安装会自动帮你安装相关的依赖包，更加省力。

使用pip安装模块很简单，仅需一句命令，以安装 numpy 为例：

打开终端输入，以下命令即可

pip install numpy -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Collecting numpy
  Downloading https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/85/8c/5dc2824e8fadd2eed84f4f5b2e3e9121bb7a370830f05f0117ed0e57e47a/numpy-1.18.3-cp36-cp36m-win32.whl (10.8 MB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 10.8 MB 467 kB/s
Installing collected packages: numpy
Successfully installed numpy-1.18.3

这里我使用了清华的源，如果使用默认的源的话，可能会由于超时而安装失败。

pip install numpy

Collecting numpy
  Downloading numpy-1.18.3-cp36-cp36m-win32.whl (10.8 MB)
     |                                | 92 kB 7.7 kB/s eta 0:23:02ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 425, in _error_catcher
    yield
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 507, in read
    data = self._fp.read(amt) if not fp_closed else b""
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\cachecontrol\filewrapper.py", line 62, in read
    data = self.__fp.read(amt)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\http\client.py", line 449, in read
    n = self.readinto(b)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\http\client.py", line 493, in readinto
    n = self.fp.readinto(b)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\socket.py", line 586, in readinto
    return self._sock.recv_into(b)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\ssl.py", line 1009, in recv_into
    return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\ssl.py", line 871, in read
    return self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\ssl.py", line 631, in read
    v = self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
socket.timeout: The read operation timed out

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 186, in _main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 331, in run
    resolver.resolve(requirement_set)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 177, in resolve
    discovered_reqs.extend(self._resolve_one(requirement_set, req))
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 333, in _resolve_one
    abstract_dist = self._get_abstract_dist_for(req_to_install)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\legacy_resolve.py", line 282, in _get_abstract_dist_for      
    abstract_dist = self.preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(req)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 482, in prepare_linked_requirement
    hashes=hashes,
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 287, in unpack_url
    hashes=hashes,
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 159, in unpack_http_url
    link, downloader, temp_dir.path, hashes
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 303, in _download_http_url      
    for chunk in download.chunks:
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\ui.py", line 160, in iter
    for x in it:
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\network\utils.py", line 39, in response_chunks
    decode_content=False,
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 564, in stream
    data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
    raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\contextlib.py", line 99, in __exit__
    self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
  File "d:\python\python36-32\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 430, in _error_catcher
    raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.")
pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out.

常用的python包镜像源还有：

清华：https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
阿里云：http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
中国科技大学 https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
华中理工大学：http://pypi.hustunique.com/
山东理工大学：http://pypi.sdutlinux.org/
豆瓣：http://pypi.douban.com/simple/