股东权益变动表分析
股东权益变动表
股东权益Equity
股东交易（公司与股东交易）
1. 增发新股
2. 回购股票
3. 分红
非股东交易
1. 利润表
2. OCI（不进利润表，直接调整Equity OCI），共计4+1项
OCI(4+1)
- Foreign currency translation, compare to foreign currency transaction
- DB plan, comare to DC
- Unrealized G/L from cash flow hedging, compare to fair value hedging or translation hedging
- Unrealized G/L from AFS, compare to trading. Notice that all realized G/L go to I/S
- (Solely for IFRS) for long lived assets value, using revaluation model rather than the cost model
年报组成部分
年报一般由如下几个部分组成
- Summary，年报太长了
- MD&A，管理层意见
- Auditing Report，审计意见
- 三张报表(B/S, I/S and CF)或五张报表
- Foot notes
其他相关报表
- Foot notes, 包括财报周期，会计方法，假设，不确定分析，兼并和变卖
- MD&A
- Proxy Statement，上市公司就重大事项提出股东表决
- Interim report， 季报
- Earning announcements, 盈利预告
- External source，例如peer companies
审计意见
审计意见区分为如下四种
- Unqualified option，无保留意见
- Qualified option，保留意见
- Adverse option，反对意见
- Disclaimer of option，拒绝发表意见
财报分析框架
| Phase | Output |
|---|---|
| 1. Purpose | Statement of purpose(part) |
| 2. Collect data | Organized F/S(part) |
| 3. Process data | Ratios & Forecasts(part) |
| 4. Analyze | Analytical result(part) |
| 5. Conclusion | Analytical report(part) |
| 6. Follow up | Updated reports & recommendations |
会计系统的信息流
- 日记账 (Journal entries, in the order of their dates)
- 分类账 (General ledger, by their dates,by account)
- initial trial balance，试算平衡表
- adjusted trial balance record，调整试算平衡表
- Financial statement
备抵账户 Contra accounts
- 使用的是历史成本进行记账，折旧金额会记录在一个账户中，这个账户就是备抵账户
- example 1: 对于Gross PP&E(Property, Plant & Equipment), AD(Accumulated Depreciation) 是PP&E的备抵账户
- example 2: 对于A.R（Account Receivable）, bad debt allowance是他的备抵账户
