书名：How to read a book？
作者：Paul N. Edwards
译者：年轻的杨胖
How can you learn the most from a book—or any other piece of writing—when you're readingfor information, rather than for pleasure?
当你为了求知而不是愉悦去阅读时，怎样才能学到更多的东西呢？
It’s satisfying to start at the beginning and read straight through to the end. Some books, such as novels, have to be read this way, since a basic principle of fiction is to hold the reader in suspense. Your whole purpose in reading fiction is to follow the writer’s lead, allowing him or her to spin a story bit by bit.
有些书，从头开始一直读到尾就可以了。比如小说，就必须用这种方式阅读，因为小说的基本原则就是设置悬念，令读者有读下去的欲望。看虚构类书籍就是要跟着作者的思路，让它一点一点地把故事讲给你听。
But many of the books, articles, and other documents you’ll read during your undergraduate and graduate years, and possibly during the rest of your professional life, won’t be novels. Instead, they’ll be non-fiction: textbooks, manuals, journal articles, histories, academic studies, and so on.
但是无论在你上学、工作、或是生活中，还存在着许多跟小说不一样的书籍、文章和文献值得反复咀嚼。这些是非虚构类书籍：教材、手册、杂志、历史、学术研究等等。
The purpose of reading things like this is to gain, and retain, information. Here, finding out what happens—as quickly and easily as possible—is your main goal. So unless you’re stuck in prisonwith nothing else to do, NEVER read a non-fiction book or article from beginning to end.
阅读这类书籍是为了获取和保留信息。尽可能快速方便地找出书中的关键才是你阅读这类书籍的主要目的。所以，除非你被关在监狱里无事可做，千万不要从头到尾去阅读一本非虚构类书籍！
(带着问题读，找到答案就可以了)
Instead, when you’re reading for information, you should ALWAYS jump ahead, skip around, and use every available strategy to discover, then to understand, and finally to remember what the writer has to say. This is how you’ll get the most out of a book in the smallest amount of time.
与通读相反,当你为了从书中获取重要信息时,你应该不断地跳读、略读、并用上任何可用的方法去寻找答案，接着消化理解，最后把作者想要表达的记下来。这会使你在最短的时间内从一本书里获取最多的信息。
Using the methods described here, you should be able to read a 300-page book in six to eight hours. Of course, the more time you spend, the more you’ll learn and the better you’ll understand the book. But your time is limited.
使用这个方法,你应该就能在六到八个小时内读完一本300页的书。当然，花的时间越多，学到的就更多、理解也会更深。但你的时间是有限的。
Here are some strategies to help you do this effectively. Most of these can be applied not only to books, but also to any other kind of non-fiction reading, from articles to websites. Table 1, on the next page, summarizes the techniques, and the following pages explain them in more detail.
这儿有一些能帮你提高阅读效率的办法。大部分方法不仅适用于书，还适用于任何非虚构类读物，从文章到网站。表1总结了所有的方法技巧，之后是对方法更详细地解释。
Read the whole thing!
通读全文
In reading to learn, your goal should always be to get all the way through the assignment. It’s much more important to have a general grasp of the arguments or hypotheses, evidence, and conclusions than to understand every detail. In fact, no matter how carefully you read, you won’t remember most of the details anyway.
在阅读中学习,你的目标就应该是想尽办法了解文章结构大意。对文章内容有一个大致的了解比理解论点、假设、论据以及结论等所有细节都重要。事实上，无论你读得多么仔细，你也不可能记下书中所有的细节。
What you can do is remember and record the main points. And if you remember those, you know enough to find the material again if you ever do need to recall the details.
你能做的就是记忆和记录文章要点，一旦你这么做了，就能够在需要的时候轻松回忆起文中的细节。
Decide how much time you will spend
估算花费时间
If you know in advance that you have only six hours to read, it’ll be easier to pace yourself. Remember, you’re going to read the whole book (or the whole assignment).
如果你预先设定6个小时为限来读一本书，就能更好地调整自己阅读的节奏。记得，你要完成的是整本书的阅读（或整篇论文）。
In fact, the more directly and realistically you confront your limits, the more effective you will be at practically everything. Setting time limits and keeping to them (while accomplishing your goals) is one of the most important life skills you can learn. So never start to read without planning when to stop.
事实上，越是直接和现实地面对自己的有限时间，就越是能高效完成一切。设置时限并严格遵守（以达成目标)是最重要的一项可习得生活技能。所以在读书前，一定要设置时间限制。
Have a purpose and a strategy
明确目标与方法
Before you begin, figure out why you are reading this particular book, and how you are going to read it. If you don’t have reasons and strategies of your own—not just those of your teacher—you won’t learn as much.
读书之前，弄明白为什么读这本书，以及怎么读。如果你没有自己的理由和方法（老师给的不算），你可能学不到任何东西。
As soon as you start to read, begin trying to find out four things:
读书的时候，试着找出这四个问题的答案:
•Who is the author?
•What are the book’s arguments?
•What is the evidence that supports these?
•What are the book’s conclusions?
•作者是谁?
•本书的观点是什么?
•本书采用了哪些论据?
•本书的结论又是什么?
Once you’ve got a grip on these, start trying to determine:
上述问题有了答案之后，请试着回答接下来的问题:
•What are the weaknesses of these arguments, evidence, and conclusions?
•What do you think about the arguments, evidence, and conclusions?
•How does (or how could) the author respond to these weaknesses, and to
your own criticisms?
•论点、论据、结论有没有站不住脚的地方？
•你怎么看文中的论点、论据和结论?
•对于没有说服力的部分，作者是（可能会）怎么回应？你的观点是什么？
Keep coming back to these questions as you read. By the time you finish, you should be able to answer them all. Three good ways to think about this are:
阅读的过程中也可以不断完善你的答案，当你读完一本书的时候，你应该已经答完所有问题了。三种思考这些问题的思路是:
a) Imagine that you’re going to review the book for a magazine.
b) Imagine that you’re having a conversation, or a formal debate, with the author.
c) Imagine an examination on the book. What would the questions be, and how would you answer them?
a)假设你要为杂志审查这本书。
b)想象一下你将与作者进行一次对话或正式辩论。
c)假如你的考试与本书有关，问题会是什么？你又会怎么回答？
Read actively
主动阅读
Don’t wait for the author to hammer you over the head. Instead, from the very beginning, constantly generate hypotheses (“the main point of the book is that...”) and questions (“How does the author know that...?”) about the book.
不要指望作者对你当头棒喝，从一开始就要不断地提出问题并作出假设。（比如：“这本书的主要观点是...”、“作者是怎么知道这一点的？”）
Making brief notes about these can help. As you read, try to confirm your hypotheses and answer your questions. Once you finish, review these.
简洁的笔记会有很大用处。阅读的时候，不断验证自己的假设和问题，读完之后，可以回顾一遍。
Know the author(s) and organizations
了解作者及其组织
Knowing who wrote a book helps you judge its quality and understand its full significance. Authors are people. Like anyone else, their views are shaped by their educations, their jobs, their early lives, and the rest of their experiences. Also like anyone else, they have prejudices, blind spots, desperate moments, failings, and desires—as well as insights, brilliance, objectivity, and successes. Notice all of it.
了解作者能够帮助你对书中的内容进行判断和理解。作者也是人，跟我们一样。他们的认知也会受到教育、工作、早期生活、以及其他经历的影响。同时，他们也会有偏见、盲区、失落、失败、以及欲望，当然，还有见识、智慧、客观和成功。我们应该全面地了解作者。
Most authors belong to organizations: universities, corporations, governments, newspapers, magazines. These organizations each have cultures, hierarchies of power, and social norms. Organizations shape both how a work is written and the content of what it says. For example, university professors are expected to write books and/or journal articles in order to get tenure. These pieces of writing must meet certain standards of quality, defined chiefly by other professors; for them, content usually matters more than good writing. Journalists, by contrast, are often driven by deadlines and the need to please large audiences. Because of this, their standards of quality are often directed more toward clear and engaging writing than toward unimpeachable content; their sources are usually oral rather than written.
大多作者都有归属的组织：大学，公司，政府，报社，杂志社。这些组织各有其文化，权力层级和社会规范。组织决定了文章的内容和版式。举个栗子，大学教授写书或论文通常是为了获得职称，这些文章必须严格按照其他教授制定的特殊标准来写，对他们来说，写作的好坏是由内容决定的。与此相反，记者写报导则要按期交稿，目的是娱乐大众。因此，他们的文章标准通常是清晰明了，以口语化为主。
The more you know about the author and his/her organization and/or discipline, the better you will be able to evaluate what you read. Try to answer questions like these: What shaped the author’s intellectual perspective? What is his or her profession? Is the author an academic, a journalist, a professional (doctor, lawyer, industrial scientist, etc.)? Expertise? Other books and articles? Intellectual network(s)? Gender? Race? Class? Political affiliation? Why did the author decide to write this book? When? For what audience(s)? Who paid for the research work (private foundations, government grant agencies, industrial sponsors, etc.)? Who wrote“jacket blurbs”in support of the book?
你对作者和他的所属机构越是了解，对文章的理解也就越透彻。试着回答这些问题：是什么构成了作者的认知层面？他\她从事哪一行业？作者是学者？记者？还是专业人士（医生，律师，工业科学家等）？是技术专家吗？作者还有其他著作吗？性别？种族？阶级？政治倾向？作者写这本书是为了什么？什么时候写的？读者群是哪些？谁赞助了研究项目（个人基金，政府基金，投资人等）？谁为这本书作序宣传？
You can often (though not always) learn about much of this from the acknowledgments, the bibliography, and the author’s biographical statement.
你可以试着从书的序言、参考书目、以及作者的自序中寻找问题的答案。
Know the intellectual context
了解知识背景
Knowing the author and his/her organization also helps you understand the book’s intellectual context. This includes the academic discipline(s) from which it draws, schools of thought within that discipline, and others who agree with or oppose the author’s viewpoint.
对作者及其组织的了解能够帮助我们了解作者的写作背景。包括所涉及的学科，学科内的派别，以及其他支持或不支持作者观点的人。
A book is almost always partly a response to other writers, so you’ll understand a book much better if you can figure out what, and whom, it is answering. Pay special attention to points where the author tells you directly that s/he is disagreeing with others: “Conventional wisdom holds that x, but I argue instead that y.”(Is x really conventional wisdom? Among what group of people?)“Famous Jane Scholar says that x, but I will show that y.”(Who’s Famous Jane, and why do other people believe her? How plausible are x and y? Is the author straining to find something original to say, or has s/he genuinely convinced you that Famous Jane is wrong?) Equally important are the people and writings the author cites in support of his/her arguments.
书可能是作者对其他作者的某种回应，所以，如果你能够找到作者所回应的点，以及提出这个点的另一位作者，会使你的理解更加深入。留意作者在文中提出的他所不同意的观点：“一般认为这样，而我认为是那样。”（一般观点真的是这样？这种一般观点来自哪里？）。“著名的Jane Sholar说是这样，而我认为是那样。”（这个著名的Jane是哪位？，大家为什么都相信她？究竟哪个更可信？作者只是换了一种表达方式，还是真的要推翻前人的理论？）在观点的支持效力上，人们的普遍观念与作者的引用是相同的。
Read it three times
三次阅读
This is the key technique. You’ll get the most out of the book if you read it three times— each time for a different purpose.
这是关键的一步。如果你能够读三次，你就能在一本书中尽可能多得获取信息——每次阅读的目的都不同。
a)Overview: discovery (5-10 percent of total time)
略读：探索（时间总比例：5-10%）
Here you read very quickly, following the principle (described below) of reading for high information content. Your goal is to discover the book. You want a quick-and-dirty, unsophisticated, general picture of the writer’s purpose, methods, and conclusions.
这个过程中你会读得很快，按照以下原则你会获得尽可能多的信息。你的目标是探索整本书，并列出一个有关作者写作目的、方法、结论的完整框架结构。
Mark—without reading carefully—headings, passages, and phrases that seem important (you’ll read these more closely the second time around.) Generate questions to answer on your second reading: what does term or phrase X mean? Why doesn’t the author cover subject Y? Who is Z?
在标题，段落，短语等重要地方做标记，但不要仔细阅读（第二遍时你将会更仔细地阅读这些地方）。标记是为第二遍阅读提出问题以便更详尽地了解：X是什么意思？作者为何要涉及学科Y? Z是谁？
b) Detail: understanding (70-80 percent of total time)
细节：理解（时间总比例：70-80%）
Within your time constraints, read the book a second time. This time, your goal is understanding: to get a careful, critical, thoughtful grasp of the key points, and to evaluate the author’s evidence for his/her points.
在时限之内，读第二遍。这一遍的目的是理解：仔细、客观、深刻地思考关键点，并分析作者论证时的论据。
Focus especially on the beginnings and ends of chapters and major sections. Pay special attention to the passages you marked on the first round. Try to answer any questions you generated on the first round.
对文章和段落的首尾、以及第一次阅读时的标记要特别留意。试着回答第一次阅读时提出的问题。
c) Notes: recall and note-taking (10-20 percent of total time)
笔记：回忆和记录（时间总比例：10-20%）
The purpose of your third and final reading is to commit to memory the most important elements of the book. This time, make brief notes about the arguments, evidence, and conclusions. This is not at all the same thing as text markup; your goal here is to process the material by translating into your own mental framework, which means using your own words as much as possible. Cutting and pasting segments of text from the book will not do as much for you as summarizing very briefly in your own words. Include the bare minimum of detail to let you remember and re-locate the most important things. 1-3 pages of notes per 100 pages of text is a good goal to shoot for; more than that is often too much. Use some system that lets you easily find places in the book (e.g., start each note with a page number.)
第三遍阅读是为了加深对文章重要部分的印象。对文中的论点、论据和结论做简明的笔记。与上文提到的标记不同，这个笔记是读者用自己的语言来“翻译”文章内容，只要自己能明白就行。剪切和粘贴文章中的内容，与自己简练地总结，是全然不同的。简洁概括之后，不仅有助于记忆，还能在查询重要内容时，进行快速定位。每一百页的内容，做1-3页的笔记就足够了，过多的内容反而会显得冗长。系统地做笔记有助于对文章的定位。（比如：加入页码）
Notebooks, typed pages, or handwritten sheets tucked into the book can all work. However, notes will be useless unless you can easily find them again. A very good system—the one I use—is to type notes directly into bilbiography entries using citation manager software such as Endnote, Zotero, or Bookends. See below for more on citation managers.
把笔记，打印纸、手写纸夹在书里也很不错。但是笔记要记录在明显的地方，否则就毫无意义。我在用的一个好方法是：把笔记直接输入软件中去，比如Endnote，Zotero，或者是Bookends。下文中有更多的笔记软件。
On time and timing
对时间的把控
First, because human attention fades after about an hour, you’ll get more out of three one- hour readings than you could ever get out of one three-hour reading. But be careful: to get one full hour of effective reading, you need to set aside at least one hour and fifteen minutes, since distraction is inevitable at the beginning (settling in) and end (re-arousal for your next task) of any reading period.
首先，由于人的注意力在集中一小时后会明显下降，因此，“每次读1小时，连续3次”的阅读效果要比“每次读3小时，只读一次”好得多。但是请注意，每进行1个小时的集中阅读，就必须留够至少一小时十五分的时间，因为在开始阅读（前摄干扰）和快要结束（后摄干扰）的时间里，注意力是会被浪费的。
Second, make a realistic plan that includes how much time you will devote to each of the three stages. For a 250-page book, I might spend 15 minutes on overview, 4 hours on detailed reading, and 20-30 minutes making notes—but I'd adjust these periods up or down depending on how difficult the text is, how important it is to me, and how much time I have.
其次，阅读前请做出一个切实可行的具体时间计划。比如读一本250页的书，我可能用15分钟去浏览，花4个小时集中阅读，最后20到30分钟做记录。但是，具体时间我还会依据内容难度、重要程度以及我空余的时间进行调整。
Focus on the parts with high information content
关注多信息内容
Non-fiction books very often have an“hourglass”structure that is repeated at several levels of organization. More general (broader) information is typically presented at the beginnings and ends of:
一般来说，非虚构类书籍的结构都类似于一个“沙漏”，就是首尾比较宽，中间比较窄。具体来说：
•the book or article as a whole (abstract, introduction, conclusion)
•each chapter
•each section within a chapter
•each paragraph
•整本书的框架（摘要、简介、结论）
•每一章
•一章里的每一节
•每一段
More specific (narrower) information (supporting evidence, details, etc.) then appears in the middle of the hourglass.
相对详细具体的信息（论据，细节等）通常排在文章中部，即“沙漏”结构中较窄的部分。
You can make the hourglass structure of writing do a lot of work for you. Focus on the following elements, in more or less the following order:
你可以参照沙漏写作结构做很多的事儿，以下几点要素可作为参考：
•Front and back covers, inner jacket flaps
•Table of contents
•Index: scan this to see which are the most important terms
•Bibliography: tells you about the book’s sources and intellectual context
•Preface and/or Introduction and/or Abstract
•Conclusion
•Pictures, graphs, tables, figures: images contain more information than text
•Chapter introductions and conclusions
•Section headings
•Special type or formatting: boldface, italics, numbered items, lists
•前后封面
•目录
•索引:可以快速定位最重要内容
•参考书目:用来了解本书的来源和知识背景
•前言/简介/摘要
•总结
•图片，图，表，数据:图像比文字包含更多信息
•章节介绍和结论
•章节标题
•特殊类型或格式:黑体、斜体、项目编号、列表
Use PTML (personal text markup language)
使用个人语言记录
Always, always, always mark up your reading. This is a critical part of active reading. Do this from the very beginning—even on your first, overview reading. Why? Because when you come back to the book later, your marks reduce the amount you have to look at and help you see what’s most significant.
阅读时切记，切记，切记要标记。这是主动阅读最关键的部分。从一开始就要学着标记，即使你是个新手。为什么呢？因为标记能帮助你更有效地排除多余信息，定位重要信息。
Don’t mark too much. This defeats the purpose of markup; when you consult your markup later, heavy markup will force you to re-read unimportant information. As a rule, you should average no more than two or three short marks per page. Rather than underline whole sentences, underline words or short phrases that capture what you most need to remember. The point of this is to distill, reduce, eliminate the unnecessary. Write words and phrases in the margins that tell you what paragraphs or sections are about. Use your own Words.
不要标记太多。这样会违背标记的初衷，过多的标记在你回顾时会迫使你浏览过多无用的信息。每一页，2到3个标记刚好，这是一个必须遵守的原则。别在整个句子下划线，尝试在需要记忆的重要单词或短语下划线。标记是为了提取、缩减以及排除不必要的信息。同时，用自己的语言在空白处写下对段落或章节的总结。
Page vs. Screen
纸质对屏幕
Printed material has far higher resolution (~600 dpi) than even the best computer screens (~100 dpi); see the illustration of 300 vs. 600 dpi, below. For this reason you will read more accurately, and with less fatigue, if you stick with the paper version. Still, we inevitably read much more screen-based material now.
纸制品的分辨率（600dpi）远高于最好的计算机屏幕（100dpi）。如下图所示300对600dpi。因此阅读印纸制品比阅读电脑屏幕更加清晰，也更不容易疲劳。但由于客观原因，我们又不可避免地在电脑屏幕上进行更多地阅读。
Markup on the screen: It remains difficult to mark up screen-based materials effectively. The extra steps involved are distracting, as is the temptation to check email or websurf. Also, with screen-based markup you often have to click on a note in order to read it, which means you’re less likely to do it later. It remains far easier to mark up a printed copy!
在屏幕上做标记目前效率很低。另外，在电脑上阅读时注意力很难集中，比如经常会忍不住检查邮箱或是浏览网页。同时，基于标记是在电脑上进行的，你在读笔记时不得不进行点击，你可能不会愿意这么麻烦。这也就意味着在电脑上做标记依旧不那么容易。
However, if you’re disciplined, recent versions of Acrobat, Apple Preview, and third-party PDF viewers such as PDFpen, iAnnotate, and Goodreader allow you to add comments, highlighting, and so on to PDFs. Voice recognition can make this a lot easier. Today, I routinely read and annotate PDFs on an iPad, using voice recognition when I want to make a note. Some of these readers, as well as ebook readers such as Kindle, allow you to export only your highlights and notes. This is a great way to make yourself a condensed version of a document. Paste it into the notes field of your citation manager and it’ll always be at your fingertips. Hunt around on the web for ways to do this kind of thing on an industrial scale (especially with Kindle books).
然而，如果你有意识地去训练自己，以上提到的缺点可能会变得简单点儿。最新版的Acrobat、Apple Preview，还有第三方PDF浏览工具如PDFpen、iAnnotate，以及Goodreader这些软件都允许你在文章中添加评论。语音识别器也会让这个过程更加轻松。如今，我经常在iPad上阅读，并使用语音功能做标注。一些读者使用电子书阅读器，比如kindle，可以直接输出标记的部分以及自己的笔记。这是制作专属文本极好的方式。将文本粘贴到“引文管理”，这些信息将变得随时随地都可以被提取。在网上通过检索还能找到更多类似的方式（特别是kindle类电子阅读器）。
When taking notes about something you're reading (as opposed to marking up the text), you'll be tempted to cut and paste the original text in lieu of making your own notes in your own words. Cut-and-paste can sometimes work well, especially for things you might want to quote later. However: in general it defeats the two main purposes of note-taking: (a) learning and remembering (by rephrasing in your own terms), and (b) condensing into a very short form. The same is true of links: though useful for keeping track of sources, keeping a URL will not by itself help you remember or understand what's there, even though it may feel that way.
在电脑上做笔记时，会对原文进行“剪切”和“粘贴”，然后用自己的话把它复述一遍。“剪切粘贴”有时固然方便，特别是你之后可能会引用到的内容。但是这个方法违背了我们做笔记最初的两个原则：a）学习，记忆。（通过用自己的话复述）b）精炼文字。“超链接”同样如此：虽然在资源检索上非常方便，但是却不利于我们对知识的理解和运用。
Use a citation manager
使用引文管理
It’s hard to overemphasize the huge advantages of citation manager software such as Endnote, Bookends, Zotero, Mendeley, CiteULike, etc. They let you keep track of your growing library, easily enter and format citations in your word processor (saving you the incredible irritation of doing it yourself). Most of them can pull in citations directly from the web, record web links, find DOI’s, and so on. Some have their own web search tools built in. Some, such as Bookends (Mac only), will automatically rename documents with Author- Date-Title, a huge help with the extremely annoying problem of uninformative filenames.
过分强调引文管理软件的优点是很难的，比如Endnote, Bookends, Zotero, Mendeley, CiteULike等等。这些软件能够让你随时随地存取自己的文本信息（这可以帮助你节省大量的时间）。大部分软件都可以直接引用网页、记录网页链接、查找识别码等。有一些还内嵌着网页搜索工具。其中的一些，例如Bookends (Mac only)，能够根据作者、日期、标题的格式对文本进行自动重命名，这很大程度上减少了无信息文件名给我们带来的困扰。
None of these packages are perfect. All have both advantages and disadvantages, and the more sophisticated ones have steep learning curves. Look for one that can handle all major document formats, including books, journal articles, newspaper articles, online sources, interviews, and so on. Be wary of managers that only handle PDFs, since so many other formats are still important.
这些软件包没有一个是完美的，他们都有各自的优缺点。越是复杂的软件，学习曲线就越是陡峭。与其找一款可以处理包括书籍、杂志、报纸、网络资源、采访等所有文档格式的软件，不如专注于一款只支持PDF格式的软件，即便其他格式也很重要。
If you use the notes field of your citation manager in a disciplined way, your notes will always be easy to find. When your library starts reaching into the thousands of items, this is a godsend.
如果你的笔记管理已经有了自己的原则和方法，文本检索会变得非常容易。当你开始在成千上万的信息中寻找时，你会觉得上帝都在帮你！
Use your unconscious mind
运用潜意识
An awful lot of thinking and mental processing goes on when you’re not aware of it. Just as with writing or any other creative thought process, full understanding of a book takes time to develop.
即使在无意识下，思想和心理也在高速运行着。与写作等创造性过程一样，对一本书的深入理解也需要花费一定时间才能达成。
Like the body, the mind suffers from fatigure when doing just one thing for many hours. Your ability to comprehend and retain what you read drops off dramatically after an hour or so. Therefore, you should read a book in several short sessions of one to two hours apiece, rather than one long marathon.
就像我们的身体，连续不断的思考也会产生疲劳感。对阅读的理解和记忆能力在持续阅读一小时后就会大幅度下滑。因此，千万别像马拉松一样持续阅读，而应当采用每次一到两小时的间断性阅读。
In between, your unconscious mind will process some of what you’ve read. When you come back for the next session, start by asking yourself what you remember from your previous reading, what you think of it so far, and what you still need to learn.
在放松时间里，大脑的潜意识会自动处理你曾读到的信息。在你继续阅读的时候，回忆一下之前的阅读内容还记得多少？现在怎么理解？以及，你还需要知道哪些？
Rehearse, and use multiple modes
多模式践行
Reading is exactly like martial arts, baseball, or cooking in the sense thatlearning and memory depend crucially on rehearsal.
阅读跟武术，棒球和厨艺一样，学习和记忆都需要刻意练习。
So—after you’ve read the book, rehearse what you’ve learned. Quiz yourself on its contents. Argue with the author. Imagine how you would defend the author’s position in your own writing.
所以，阅读一本书之后，对所学知识进行刻意练习。并对练习内容进行测试。试着与作者的观点进行辩驳，或是想象如何用自己的语言去论证作者的观点。
Reading, writing, speaking, listening, and visualizing all engage different parts of the brain. For this reason, the best forms of rehearsal usemultiple modesof thinking and action. Don’t just contemplate privately. Instead, talk about the book with others. Bring it up in classes. Write about it. Visualize anything that can be visualized about its contents. All of this helps fix your memory and integrate your new learning into the rest of your knowledge.
听、说、读、写和具象化的能力是由大脑的不同区域进行管理，所以，最好的刻意练习就是兼备思考与行动的多模式践行。不要总是一个人冥思苦想，试着与别人进行交流，或是把观点带入班级，或者写成文字。总之，把你能具象化的内容统统具象化。这些都将帮助你对习得知识的理解和记忆。
Hang in there!
坚持到底！
When I give presentations on these ideas, students often tell me a few weeks later that they “tried it a few times and just couldn’t do it,”so they stopped.
当我发表这篇文章的几周之后，很多学生这样跟我说：“我试了试，但好像没什么效果。”所以他们就放弃了。
You will have to practice these techniques for a considerable length of time—at least a few months—before they come to seem natural, and they will never be easier than the comfortable, passive way we’ve all been reading for many years. Hang in there. The rewards of these techniques are great, or so say the hundreds of students who’ve told me so years later. Learning to read like this can be a critical key to a successful career as a student, scholar, or professional in almost any field.
你最好刻意并理性地练习一段时间，至少几个月吧。在习惯成自然之前，你肯定会觉得不太适应、也不太舒服，毕竟，我们已经保持了很多年之前的阅读习惯。
坚持到底！这种阅读策略的回报会突破天际！多年后许多学生都这么跟我说。无论你是学生，学者，或是教授，这样的阅读方式，都会是你在任何领域成功的关键！
都看到这儿了，看在我把整本书都翻译完的份上儿，就点个赞再走呗~
