2022-03-20
人们在讨论设计思维时，更多的是以时下的一个典型案例-婴儿保温袋为例来描述。但这保温袋的前辈-保温箱的由来也有这么复杂的历史，而非凭空产生。
保温箱这个伟大的发明来自法国的Stéphane Tarnier
Dunn, Peter M. "Stéphane Tarnier (1828–1897), the architect of perinatology in France." Archives of Disease in Childhood-Fetal and Neonatal Edition 86.2 (2002): F137-F139.
Stéphane Tarnier studied medicine in Paris and became the doyen of obstetrics in France during the second half of the 19th century. He pioneered many advances and encouraged a perinatal approach to childbirth that was further developed by his disciples, Budin and Pinard.
Stéphane Tarnier 在巴黎学习医学，并在 19 世纪下半叶成为法国产科的元老。 他开创了许多进步，并提倡围产期分娩方法--这一方法由他的弟子 Budin 和 Pinard 进一步发展。
https://columbiasurgery.org/news/2015/08/06/history-medicine-incubator-babies-coney-island
经过战争、饥荒和家禽，开发出能够拯救数千名早产儿的技术突破。1870-1871 年的普法战争以及随之而来的饥荒导致法国人口大幅下降。为了提高增长率，法国人需要尽快开始生育更多的婴儿。但一位产科医生意识到，如果他能找到降低婴儿死亡率的方法，那么人口增长率问题就可以更快得到解决。
这位法国产科医生是 Étienne Stéphane Tarnier 博士，他在巴黎动物园观察到为家禽加温的好处后，为早产儿建造了类似的房间。这些暖空气培养箱于 1880 年在 L'Hôpital Paris Maternité 推出，是同类产品中的第一款。Pierre Budin 博士于 1888 年开始发表这些孵化器的成功报告。他的孵化器解决了许多早产儿面临的致命的体温调节问题。
Budin 博士想与世界分享他的创新，但在顽固的医疗机构中很少有人愿意倾听。许多医生认为这种做法是伪科学的，超出了标准护理的范畴。但 Budin 博士坚信 Tarnier 孵化器将挽救如此多的生命，因此他在同事 Martin Couney 博士的帮助下于 1896 年在柏林世界博览会上展示了新的孵化器。
Couney 博士显然拥有表演技巧和医学技能，他的任务可能比 Budin 博士最初的预期更进一步。Couney 要求柏林慈善医院借一些早产儿做这个实验，他们同意了他的请求，认为孩子们无论如何都没有生存的机会。当他设法聘请护士干部来充分展示孵化器的能力时，他已经准备好上路了。
“Couney's Kinderbrutanstalt”或“Child Hatchery”坐落在刚果村和蒂罗尔约德勒的展品之间，取得了巨大的成功。值得注意的是，塔尼尔孵化器中的所有六个婴儿都活了下来。从那里，Couney 带着他的随行人员前往美国，在那里他继续在几乎所有大型展览和世界博览会上分享他的表演。
他最终在纽约市的康尼岛游乐园安顿下来，并将渴望挽救早产新生儿生命的父母与愿意支付 25 美分观看这些离奇的小婴儿的马戏团杂耍观众联系起来。这确实是一种奇怪的联系，但却是一种出色的联系，它使保育箱灯的暖光持续亮着 40 多年，并在此过程中拯救了数千名婴儿。
It took a war, famine, and poultry to develop the technological breakthrough responsible for saving thousands of premature infants. The Franco-Prussian war in 1870-1871, along with a concomitant famine, had contributed to a significant population decline in France. To increase the growth rate, the French needed to start having more babies, as quickly as possible. But one obstetrician realized that if he could find a way to reduce infant mortality, then the population growth rate problem could be solved far sooner.
That French obstetrician was Dr. Étienne Stéphane Tarnier, who, having observed the benefits of warming chambers for poultry at the Paris Zoo, had similar chambers constructed for premature infants under his care. These warm air incubators, introduced at L'Hôpital Paris Maternité in 1880, were the first of their kind. Dr. Pierre Budin began publishing reports of the successes of these incubators in 1888. His incubators had solved the deadly problem of thermoregulation that many premature babies faced.
Dr. Budin wanted to share his innovation with the world, but few in the stubborn medical establishment would listen. Many doctors viewed the practice as pseudo-scientific and outside the realm of standard care. But Dr. Budin was convinced that the Tarnier incubators would save so many lives that he enlisted the help of an associate, Dr. Martin Couney, in exhibiting the new incubators at the World Exposition in Berlin in 1896.
Apparently blessed with skills in showmanship as well as medicine, Dr. Couney took the assignment perhaps a step farther than what Dr. Budin has originally anticipated; Couney asked the Berlin Charity Hospital to borrow some premature babies for this experiment, and they granted his request, thinking that the children had little chance of survival anyway. When he managed to hire a cadre of nurses to fully demonstrate the capabilities of the incubators, he was ready to take the show on the road.
Nestled between exhibits of the Congo Village and the Tyrolean Yodelers, “Couney’s Kinderbrutanstalt,” or ‘Child Hatchery,’ became a wild success. Remarkably, all six babies in the Tarnier incubators survived. From there, Couney took his entourage to the United States where he went on to share his show at virtually every large exhibition and at the World’s Fair.
He ultimately settled at New York City’s Coney Island amusement park and connected parents eager to save the lives of their premature newborns with circus sideshow visitors willing to pay 25¢ to view the uncannily tiny babies. It was an odd connection indeed, but a brilliant one that kept the warming glow of the incubator lights on for over 40 years, and saved thousands of babies in the process.
Interested in reading more about this incredible story? Check out the NPR/StoryCorps Interview with one of the Boardwalk Babies, and dive deeper into the story with History Detectives profile from the New-York Historical Society.
You can learn more about the latest in neonatal and pediatric surgery here.
