框架支持异常处理由开发者自定义类进行接管，需要在app目录下面的provider.php文件中绑定异常处理类，例如：

<?php
use app\ExceptionHandle;
use app\Request;

// 容器Provider定义文件
return [
    'think\Request'          => Request::class,
//    'think\exception\Handle' => ExceptionHandle::class,//原来的异常
    'think\exception\Handle' => '\\app\\exception\\ExecptionHandle'
];

然后再app下面新建一个exception文件夹放自定义错误信息

<?php
/**
 *
 * User: 小贝壳
 * Date: 2022/2/27
 **/

namespace app\exception;

use think\facade\Env;
use think\exception\Handle;
use app\exception\HttpExceptions;
use think\Response;
use Throwable;

class ExecptionHandle extends Handle
{
    private $msg = "未知错误";
    private $httpCode = 500;
    private $errorCode = 19999;

    public function render($request, Throwable $e): Response
    {
        //判断在`.env`里面是否开始了调试，开启了调试就原样返回，关闭了调试就返回自定义的json格式的错误信息
        if(Env::get("APP_DEBUG") == 1){
            return parent::render($request,$e);
        }
        $this->msg = $e->getMessage() ?: $this->msg;
        //HttpExceptions是继承同级目录下HttpExceptions，代码在下方
        if ($e instanceof HttpExceptions) {
            $this->httpCode = $e->getStatusCode() ?: $this->httpCode;
        }
        $this->errorCode = $e->getCode() ?: $this->errorCode;
        $result_data = [
            'message' => $this->msg,
            'data' => [],
            'code' => $this->errorCode
        ];
        return json($result_data, $this->httpCode);

        // 其他错误交给系统处理
        return parent::render($request, $e);
    }

}

同级目录下HttpExceptions 文件

<?php
/**
 *
 * User: 小贝壳
 * Date: 2022/2/27
 * Time: 1:42
 **/

namespace app\exception;

use Exception;

class HttpExceptions extends \RuntimeException
{
    private $statusCode;
    private $headers;
    //主要是重构$code前提，$previous和 $headers在后面方便调用
    public function __construct(int $statusCode, string $message = '', $code = 0, Exception $previous = null, array $headers = [])
    {
        $this->statusCode = $statusCode;
        $this->headers    = $headers;

        parent::__construct($message, $code, $previous);
    }

    public function getStatusCode()
    {
        return $this->statusCode;
    }

    public function getHeaders()
    {
        return $this->headers;
    }
}

调用

use app\exception\HttpExceptions;
throw new HttpExceptions(404,"自定义错误",'444');