# The Ruby Style Guide
> Hey jude, don't make it bad.
> Take a sad song and make it better.
> Remember to let her into your heart,
> Then you can start to make it better.
* [github Ruby style guide](https://github.com/styleguide/ruby)
* [community-driven Ruby style guide](https://github.com/bbatsov/ruby-style-guide)
* [Ruby on Rails 3 Style Guide](https://github.com/bbatsov/rails-style-guide)
* [代码大全](http://book.douban.com/subject/1477390/)
* [代码整洁之道](http://book.douban.com/subject/4199741/)
* [重构](http://book.douban.com/subject/1229923/)
## 排版
* 使用`UTF-8`编码
```VimL
set encoding=utf-8
set fileencodings=utf-8,gb2312,gb18030,gbk,ucs-bom,cp936,latin1 " 如果你要打开的文件编码不在此列,那就添加进去
set termencoding=utf-8
```
* 使用等宽字体
```VimL
set guifont=Bitstream\ Vera\ Sans\ Mono\ 12
```
* 使用两个空格作为缩进
```Ruby
# good
def some_method
do_something
end
# bad - four spaces
def some_method
do_something
end
```
* 不要在缩进中留下制表符(Tab)。设置编辑器,自动将制表符展开为两个空格
```VimL
" 示例1:全局设置
set autoindent
set expandtab
set tabstop=2 shiftwidth=2 softtabstop=2
```
```VimL
" 示例2:每语言单独设置
autocmd FileType ruby,eruby,yaml set ai ts=2 sw=2 sts=2 et
```
* 正确拼写英文单词
```Ruby
# bad
def has_joind?(talbe_name)
return false unless scoped.respond_to?(:joins_values)
scoped.joins_values.any?{|joins| joins =~ /inner\s+join\s+#{talbe_name}/i }
end
# good
def has_joined?(table_name)
return false unless scoped.respond_to?(:joins_values)
scoped.joins_values.any? { |joins| joins =~ /inner\s+join\s+#{table_name}/i }
end
```
* 尽量将行的长度控制在80个字符以下
```Ruby
# bad
def some_method
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_method_call if condition1 && condition2 && condition3
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation1 && a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation2 && a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation3
end
# good, 但更好的做法是考虑重命名方法或将相应逻辑抽取成子方法
def some_method
if condition1 && condition2 && condition3
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_method_call
end
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation1 &&
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation2 &&
a_long_long_long_long_long_long_long_operation3
end
```
* 不要在行尾留下空白字符
```VimL
set list
set listchars=tab:,.,trail:.,extends:#,nbsp:. " Highlight problematic whitespace
```
* 在以下位置加上空格:操作符前后, 逗号、冒号、分号后,'{'前后, '}'前
```Ruby
sum = 1 + 2
result = 10 / (1 + 2)
a, b = 1, 2
1 > 2 ? some_operation : other_operation
[1, 2, 3].each { |e| puts e }
hash = { key1: 'luo', key2: 'xin' }
def find(name, options = {})
result
end
```
唯一的例外是指数操作符
```Ruby
# bad
e = M * c ** 2
# good
e = M * c**2
```
* 以下位置没有空格:'(', '['后和']', ')'前
```Ruby
some(arg).other
[1, 2, 3].length
```
* 保证`when`和`case`的缩进层次相同
```Ruby
case
when song.name == 'Misty'
puts 'Not again!'
when song.duration > 120
puts 'Too long!'
when Time.now.hour > 21
puts "It's too late"
else
song.play
end
kind = case year
when 1850..1889 then 'Blues'
when 1890..1909 then 'Ragtime'
when 1910..1929 then 'New Orleans Jazz'
when 1930..1939 then 'Swing'
when 1940..1950 then 'Bebop'
else 'Jazz'
end
```
* 使用空行分隔不同方法及同一方法的不同逻辑段
```Ruby
def some_method
data = initialize(options)
first_method_call_with(data)
second_method_call_with(data)
third_method_call_with(data)
data.result
end
def other_method
result
end
```
* 如果使用表达式赋值,表达式的缩进要保持一致
```Ruby
# bad
result = if index > 10
do_something
elsif index > 5
do_other_thing
else
puts 'I can not bear it.'
end
# good
result = if index > 10
do_something
elsif index > 5
do_other_thing
else
puts 'I can not bear it.'
end
```
* 多行赋值时,为保持美观,尽量将等号对齐
```Ruby
# ok
var1 = 1
var12 = 12
var12345 = 12345
var123 = 123
# good
var1 = 1
var12 = 12
var12345 = 12345
var123 = 123
```
* 使用哈希赋值时,如果哈希长度过长,应该用多行表示,且尽量保持对齐
```Ruby
# very bad
result = {:key1=>:value1,:key2=>:value2}
# bad
result = { :this_is_the_first_key => :this_is_the_first_value, :this_is_another_key => :this_is_another_value, :this_is_the_last_key => :this_is_the_last_value }
# good for ruby 1.8
result = { :key1 => :value1, :key2 => :value2 }
result = { :this_is_the_first_key => :this_is_the_first_value,
:this_is_another_key => :this_is_another_value,
:this_is_the_last_key => :this_is_the_last_value }
# good for ruby 1.9
result = { key1: :value1, key2: :value2 }
result = { this_is_the_first_key: :this_is_the_first_value,
this_is_another_key: :this_is_another_value,
this_is_the_last_key: :this_is_the_last_value }
```
## 语法
* 定义方法时,如果带参要加上括号,否则不要加括号
```Ruby
def some_method
# body omitted
end
def some_method_with_arguments(arg1, arg2)
# body omitted
end
```
* 使用迭代器,而不要使用for语句
```Ruby
# bad
for elem in arr do
puts elem
end
# good
arr.each { |elem| puts elem }
```
* 不要在多行的if/unless语句中使用then
```Ruby
# bad
if some_condition then
# body omitted
end
# good
if some_condition
# body omitted
end
```
* 不要使用冗长的三元表达式(?:)。但在逻辑较简单,能用一行表达的情况下,使用三元表达式而不是if/then/else/end语句
```Ruby
# bad
result = if some_condition then something else something_else end
# good
result = some_condition ? something : something_else
```
* 三元表达式中不要出现逻辑分支。在这种情况下应该使用if/else语句
```Ruby
# bad
some_condition ? (nested_condition ? nested_something : nested_something_else) : something_else
# good
if some_condition
nested_condition ? nested_something : nested_something_else
else
something_else
end
```
* 不要使用and和or. 总是使用&&和||
```Ruby
# bad. 注意操作符的优先级
# 等价于(result = find_by_name(name)) or find_by_code(code) or fail 'wow!'
result = find_by_name(name) or find_by_code(code) or fail 'wow!'
# good
result = find_by_name(name) || find_by_code(code) || fail('wow!')
```
* 不要跨行使用三元表达式, 使用if/unless语句
* 在语句非常简短的情况下使用单行后置if/unless语句
```Ruby
# bad
if some_condition
do_something
end
# good
do_something if some_condition
```
* 不要使用unless/else语句,将它改写为if/else语句
```Ruby
# bad
unless success?
puts 'failure'
else
puts 'success'
end
# good
if success?
puts 'success'
else
puts 'failure'
end
```
* 不要对if/unless/while语句的中的单个条件使用括号
```Ruby
# bad
if (x > 10)
# body omitted
end
# good
if x > 10
# body omitted
end
# good, 不用括号语义会改变。即使用括号也不要用or
if (x = something) && y
# body omitted
end
```
* 单行block使用花括号{...}. 多行block使用do...end. 不要使用do...end进行链式调用
```Ruby
names = %w(Bozhidar Steve Sarah)
# good
names.each { |name| puts name }
# bad
names.each do |name|
puts name
end
# good
names.select { |name| name.start_with?('S') }.map { |name| name.upcase }
# bad
names.select do |name|
name.start_with?("S")
end.map { |name| name.upcase }
# ok, 但更佳的方式是把复杂逻辑包装成方法调用
names.select { |name| name.start_with?('S') && name.end_with?('e') }.
map { |name| name.upcase }
```
* 不要在不必要的情况下使用return
```Ruby
# bad
def some_method(some_arr)
return some_arr.size
end
# good
def some_method(some_arr)
some_arr.size
end
```
* 方法定义时,在定义有默认值的参数时,等号的前后要加上空格
```Ruby
# bad
def some_method(arg1=:default, arg2=nil, arg3=[])
# do something...
end
# good
def some_method(arg1 = :default, arg2 = nil, arg3 = [])
# do something...
end
```
* 可以使用赋值语句(=)的返回值,但要注意优先级,需要时以括号环绕
```Ruby
# ok
if (v = array.grep(/foo/))
# do something...
end
# good
if v = array.grep(/foo/)
# do something...
end
# also good - 用括号保证操作符优先级正确
if (v = self.next_value) == "hello"
# do something...
end
```
* 可以使用||=给变量赋初值,但不要使用||=给布尔类型变量赋初值(因为原始值可能为false)
```Ruby
# set name to Bozhidar, only if it's nil or false
name ||= 'Bozhidar'
# bad - would set enabled to true even if it was false
enabled ||= true
# good
enabled = true if enabled.nil?
```
* 在用实例变量实现memoize模式的方法中,使用defined?而不是||=
```Ruby
# bad, 当do_something的返回值为nil或false时,没有起到memoize的效果
def some_method
@result ||= do_something
end
# good
def some_method
defined?(@result) ? @result : @result = do_something
end
```
* 不要在方法名和括号中间加空格
```Ruby
# bad
f (3 + 2) + 1
# bad
def fun (a)
a * 2
end
# good
f(3 + 2) + 1
# good
def fun(a)
a * 2
end
```
* 用下划线取代未使用的block参数
```Ruby
# bad
result = hash.map { |k, v| v + 1 }
# good
result = hash.map { |_, v| v + 1 }
```
## 命名规则
* 方法和变量使用snake_case
```Ruby
# bad
def someMethod
myName = 'luoxin'
end
# good
def some_method
my_name = 'luoxin'
end
```
* 类和模块的定义使用CamelCase. 注意保持首字母缩写词的原有形式,如HTTP, RFC, XML等
```Ruby
# bad
module HttpServer
# ...
end
# good
module HTTPServer
# ...
end
```
* 常量的定义使用SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE
```Ruby
# bad
class Week
Days_In_A_Week = 7
end
# good
class Week
DAYS_IN_A_WEEK = 7
end
```
* 配置相关信息不要使用常量
```Ruby
# bad
class JavaService
JAVA_SERVICE_URL = '192.168.8.81'
end
# good
class JavaService
cattr_accessor :url, instance_write: false
self.url = '192.168.8.81'
end
```
* 逻辑判断的方法(返回值为布尔型)应该使用形容词或动词完成时态,并以问号结尾。不要使用is_前缀
```Ruby
# bad
def empty
something.count > 0
end
# bad
def is_empty?
something.count > 0
end
# good
def empty?
something.count > 0
end
```
* 使用具有描述性的方法名和变量名
```Ruby
# bad
def gen_ymdhms
# ...
end
# good
def generate_timestamp
# ...
end
# bad
all = deals.map { |x| x.id }
# good
deal_ids = deals.map { |deal| deal.id }
```
## 集合
* 当声明全由字符串组成的数组时,使用%w()
```Ruby
# bad
STATES = ['draft', 'open', 'closed']
# good
STATES = %w(draft open closed)
```
* 如果集合中的元素皆为唯一,使用Set而不是Array
```Ruby
s = Set.new
s << 1 << 2 << 3 << 2 << 1 #
```
* 尽量使用symbol而不是string作为哈希的键
```Ruby
# bad
hash = { 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3 }
# good for ruby 1.8
hash = { :one => 1, :two => 2, :three => 3 }
# good for ruby 1.9
hash = { one: 1, two: 2, three: 3 }
```
## 字符串
* 使用字符串插入(interpolation),不要使用字符串加法
```Ruby
# bad
email_with_name = user.name + ' <' + user.email + '>'
# good
email_with_name = "#{user.name} <#{user.email}>"
```
* 当不需要字符串插入或者处理\t, \n等特殊字符时,使用单引号
```Ruby
# bad
require "active_support"
name = "Bozhidar"
# good
require 'active_support'
name = 'Bozhidar'
```
* 构造字符串时不要使用字符串加法, 要使用字符串连接操作符
```Ruby
# good and also fast
html = ''
html << 'Page title'
paragraphs.each { |paragraph| html << "#{paragraph}" }
```
## 特殊构造符
* 使用%w构造字符串数组
```Ruby
STATES = %w(draft open closed)
```
* 使用%()构造单行的、包含双引号和插入的字符串
```Ruby
# bad (no interpolation needed)
%(Some text)
# should be 'Some text'
# bad (no double-quotes)
%(This is #{quality} style)
# should be "This is #{quality} style"
# bad (multiple lines)
%(\n#{exclamation}\n)
# should be a heredoc
# bad (no double-quotes)
%(#{name})
# should be "#{name}"
# good (requires interpolation, has double quotes, single line)
%(#{name})
```
* 对多行的字符串使用heredoc
```Ruby
# bad (multiple lines)
%(\n#{exclamation}\n)
# should be a heredoc
# good
<<-HTML
#{exclamation}
HTML
```
* 在正则表达式中包含多个'/'时使用%r
```Ruby
# bad
%r(\s+)
# still bad
%r(^/(.*)$)
# should be /^\/(.*)$/
# good
%r(^/blog/2011/(.*)$)
```
* 不要使用%q, %Q, %x, %s, and %W. 使用%构造符时,首选()作为分割符
```Ruby
# bad
name = %q(I'm luoxin)
# should be "I'm luoxin" or 'I\'m luoxin'
# bad
div = %Q()
# should be %()
# bad
div = %Q[div id="#@div_id" name="#@div_name">]
# should be %()
# good
js = %[alert("Hi, #@user_name");]
```
## 其他
* 代码中嵌入SQL语句时,SQL关键字大写,其他字符小写
```Ruby
# bad
User.find_by_sql('select id, name from users where id < 5')
# good
User.find_by_sql('SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE id < 5')
```
* 如果代码中嵌入的SQL语句过长,使用换行来划分逻辑
```Ruby
# bad, too long
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute('INSERT INTO hui800.deals VALUES (id, code, title, start_time, end_time) SELECT id, code, name, start_date, end_date FROM coupons.deal')
# good
ActiveRecord::Base.connection.execute <<-SQL
INSERT INTO hui800.deals
VALUES (id, code, title, start_time, end_time)
SELECT id, code, name, start_date, end_date
FROM coupons.deal
SQL
```
* 不要出现N+1查询
```Ruby
# bad, N+1
users = User.where('id < 100')
users.each { |u| puts u.school }
# good
users = User.where('id < 100').includes(:school)
users.each { |u| puts u.school }
```
* 方法参数的个数尽量不超过两个,最多不超过三个(*args除外)。如果有多选项,一般通过最末的哈希参数来传递
```Ruby
# bad
def my_cache(key, city_id = nil, page = nil, per_page = nil, order_by = nil)
end
# good
def my_cache(key, options = {})
end
```
* 在Ruby 1.9中使用新的哈希语法
```Ruby
# bad for Ruby 1.9
hash = { :a => 1, :b => 2, :c => 3 }
# good for Ruby 1.9
hash = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }
```
* 在Ruby 1.9中使用新的lambda语法
```Ruby
# bad for Ruby 1.9
my_lambda = lambda { |x| puts x }
my_lambda.call(3)
# good for Ruby 1.9
my_lambda = ->(x) { puts x }
my_lambda.(3)
```
* 在不期望修改的对象上调用freeze方法
```Ruby
# bad
configuration = { database: 'tuan800', adapter: 'mysql2' }
# good
configuration = { database: 'tuan800', adapter: 'mysql2' }.freeze
```
* 熟练使用一种编辑器。推荐使用Vim或Emacs
## 原则
1. Consistency(一致性)
2. KISS(简洁性)
3. Common sense
4. Follow your heart
> 思想、语言、文字,是一体的,假如念起来乱糟糟,意思也不
> 会好——这是最简单的真理,但假如没有前辈来告诉我,我怎么
> 会知道啊。有时我也写点不负责任的粗糙文字,以后重读时,
> 惭愧得无地自容,真想自己脱了裤子请道乾先生打我两棍。孟
> 子曾说,无耻之耻,无耻矣。现在我在文学上是个有廉耻的人,
> 都是多亏了这些先生的教诲。对我来说,他们的作品是比鞭子
> 还有力量的鞭策。
> 我一直想承认我的文学师承是这样一条鲜为人知的线索。这是
> 给我脸上贴金。我最终写出了这些,不是因为我的书已经写得
> 好了,而是因为,不把这个秘密说出来,对现在的年轻人是不
> 公道的。没有人告诉他们这些,只按名声来理解文学,就会不
> 知道什么是坏,什么是好。
> --王小波《我的师承》