Android使用的Linux内核拥有着非常多的跨进程通信机制，比如管道，Socket等；为什么还需要单独搞一个Binder出来呢？主要有两点，性能和安全。在移动设备上，广泛地使用跨进程通信肯定对通信机制本身提出了严格的要求；Binder相对出传统的Socket方式，更加高效；另外，传统的进程通信方式对于通信双方的身份并没有做出严格的验证，只有在上层协议上进行架设；比如Socket通信ip地址是客户端手动填入的，都可以进行伪造；而Binder机制从协议本身就支持对通信双方做身份校检，因而大大提升了安全性。这个也是Android权限模型的基础。
一、Binder通信模型
对于跨进程通信的双方分别叫做Server进程（简称Server），Client进程（简称Client）；由于进程隔离的存在，它们之间没办法通过简单的方式进行通信，那么Binder机制是如何进行的呢？
Binder通信模型.png
整个通信步骤如下：
- ServiceManager建立：首先有一个进程向驱动提出申请为ServiceManager；驱动同意之后，ServiceManager进程负责管理Service。
- 各个Server向ServiceManager注册：每个Server端进程启动之后，向ServiceManager报告，我是xxxx。
- Client与Server通信：首先询问ServiceManager；请告诉我如何联系xxx，SMServiceManager后给他proxy；Client收到之后就开始通信了。
Binder机制跨进程原理
首先，Server进程要向ServiceManager注册；告诉自己是谁，自己有什么能力；
然后Client向ServiceManager查询：它并不会给Client进程返回一个真正的object对象，而是返回一个看起来跟object一模一样的代理对象objectProxy，这个objectProxy也有同样方法，但是这个方法没有Server进程里面object对象中方法的能力；objectProxy的方法只是一个傀儡，它唯一做的事情就是把参数包装然后交给驱动。
但是Client进程并不知道驱动返回给它的对象动过手脚，Client拿着objectProxy对象然后调用方法；这个方法什么也不做，直接把参数做一些包装然后直接转发给Binder驱动。
驱动收到这个消息，发现是这个objectProxy；一查表就明白了：我之前用objectProxy替换了object发送给Client了，它真正应该要访问的是object对象的方法；于是Binder驱动通知Server进程，Sever进程收到这个消息，照做之后将结果返回驱动，驱动然后把结果返回给Client进程；于是整个过程就完成了。
Client进程只不过是持有了Server端的代理；代理对象协助驱动完成了跨进程通信。
二、AIDL使用
- 定义AIDL接口
interface ICompute {
int add(int a, int b);
}
编译工具编译之后，可以得到对应的ICompute.java类
public interface ICompute extends android.os.IInterface {
/**
* Local-side IPC implementation stub class.
*/
public static abstract class Stub extends android.os.Binder implements com.example.app.ICompute {
private static final java.lang.String DESCRIPTOR = "com.example.app.ICompute";
/**
* Construct the stub at attach it to the interface.
*/
public Stub() {
this.attachInterface(this, DESCRIPTOR);
}
/**
* Cast an IBinder object into an com.example.test.app.ICompute interface,
* generating a proxy if needed.
*/
public static com.example.app.ICompute asInterface(android.os.IBinder obj) {
if ((obj == null)) {
return null;
}
android.os.IInterface iin = obj.queryLocalInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
if (((iin != null) && (iin instanceof proxy.ICompute))) {
return ((com.example.app.ICompute) iin);
}
return new com.example.app.ICompute.Stub.Proxy(obj);
}
@Override
public android.os.IBinder asBinder() {
return this;
}
@Override
public boolean onTransact(int code, android.os.Parcel data, android.os.Parcel reply, int flags) throws android.os.RemoteException {
switch (code) {
case INTERFACE_TRANSACTION: {
reply.writeString(DESCRIPTOR);
return true;
}
case TRANSACTION_add: {
data.enforceInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
int _arg0;
_arg0 = data.readInt();
int _arg1;
_arg1 = data.readInt();
int _result = this.add(_arg0, _arg1);
reply.writeNoException();
reply.writeInt(_result);
return true;
}
}
return super.onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
}
private static class Proxy implements com.example.app.ICompute {
private android.os.IBinder mRemote;
Proxy(android.os.IBinder remote) {
mRemote = remote;
}
@Override
public android.os.IBinder asBinder() {
return mRemote;
}
public java.lang.String getInterfaceDescriptor() {
return DESCRIPTOR;
}
/**
* Demonstrates some basic types that you can use as parameters
* and return values in AIDL.
*/
@Override
public int add(int a, int b) throws android.os.RemoteException {
android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
int _result;
try {
_data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR);
_data.writeInt(a);
_data.writeInt(b);
mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_add, _data, _reply, 0);
_reply.readException();
_result = _reply.readInt();
} finally {
_reply.recycle();
_data.recycle();
}
return _result;
}
}
static final int TRANSACTION_add = (android.os.IBinder.FIRST_CALL_TRANSACTION + 0);
}
/**
* Demonstrates some basic types that you can use as parameters
* and return values in AIDL.
*/
public int add(int a, int b) throws android.os.RemoteException;
}
- Server端实现接口功能
@Nullable
@Override
public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {
return new ICompute.Stub() {
@Override
public int add(int a, int b) throws RemoteException {
return a + b;
}
};
}
}
- 客户端调用
ServiceConnection serviceConnection = new ServiceConnection() {
@Override
public void onServiceConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) {
try {
ICompute.Stub.asInterface(service).add(1, 2);
} catch (RemoteException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void onServiceDisconnected(ComponentName name) {
}
};
三、bindService流程
bindService流程.png
- 调用context的
bindService方法
android/app/ContextImpl.java
public boolean bindService(Intent service, ServiceConnection conn,
int flags) {
warnIfCallingFromSystemProcess();
return bindServiceCommon(service, conn, flags, mMainThread.getHandler(), getUser());
}
private boolean bindServiceCommon(Intent service, ServiceConnection conn, int flags, Handler
handler, UserHandle user) {
IServiceConnection sd;
if (conn == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("connection is null");
}
if (mPackageInfo != null) {
// 将ServiceConnection包装成IServiceConnection，后面获取到server端的IBinder时通过Dispatcher分发
sd = mPackageInfo.getServiceDispatcher(conn, getOuterContext(), handler, flags);
} else {
throw new RuntimeException("Not supported in system context");
}
validateServiceIntent(service);
try {
IBinder token = getActivityToken();
if (token == null && (flags&BIND_AUTO_CREATE) == 0 && mPackageInfo != null
&& mPackageInfo.getApplicationInfo().targetSdkVersion
< android.os.Build.VERSION_CODES.ICE_CREAM_SANDWICH) {
flags |= BIND_WAIVE_PRIORITY;
}
service.prepareToLeaveProcess(this);
int res = ActivityManager.getService().bindService(
mMainThread.getApplicationThread(), getActivityToken(), service,
service.resolveTypeIfNeeded(getContentResolver()),
sd, flags, getOpPackageName(), user.getIdentifier());
if (res < 0) {
throw new SecurityException(
"Not allowed to bind to service " + service);
}
return res != 0;
} catch (RemoteException e) {
throw e.rethrowFromSystemServer();
}
}
- 调用
ActivityManagerService的bindService
com/android/server/am/ActivityManagerService.java
public int bindService(IApplicationThread caller, IBinder token, Intent service,
String resolvedType, IServiceConnection connection, int flags, String callingPackage,
int userId) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
enforceNotIsolatedCaller("bindService");
......
synchronized(this) {
return mServices.bindServiceLocked(caller, token, service,
resolvedType, connection, flags, callingPackage, userId);
}
}
mServices是一个ActiveServices类型的实例
- 调用ActiveServices的bindServiceLocked
com/android/server/am/ActiveServices.java
int bindServiceLocked(IApplicationThread caller, IBinder token, Intent service,
String resolvedType, final IServiceConnection connection, int flags,
String callingPackage, final int userId) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
......
try{
......
if (s.app != null && b.intent.received) {
// Service is already running, so we can immediately
// publish the connection.
try {
c.conn.connected(s.name, b.intent.binder, false);
} catch (Exception e) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Failure sending service " + s.shortName
+ " to connection " + c.conn.asBinder()
+ " (in " + c.binding.client.processName + ")", e);
}
// If this is the first app connected back to this binding,
// and the service had previously asked to be told when
// rebound, then do so.
if (b.intent.apps.size() == 1 && b.intent.doRebind) {
requestServiceBindingLocked(s, b.intent, callerFg, true);
}
} else if (!b.intent.requested) {
requestServiceBindingLocked(s, b.intent, callerFg, false);
}
getServiceMapLocked(s.userId).ensureNotStartingBackgroundLocked(s);
} finally {
Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId);
}
}
private final boolean requestServiceBindingLocked(ServiceRecord r, IntentBindRecord i,
boolean execInFg, boolean rebind) throws TransactionTooLargeException {
......
if ((!i.requested || rebind) && i.apps.size() > 0) {
try {
bumpServiceExecutingLocked(r, execInFg, "bind");
r.app.forceProcessStateUpTo(ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_SERVICE);
r.app.thread.scheduleBindService(r, i.intent.getIntent(), rebind,
r.app.repProcState);
if (!rebind) {
i.requested = true;
}
i.hasBound = true;
i.doRebind = false;
} catch (TransactionTooLargeException e) {
throw e;
} catch (RemoteException e) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
r.app.thread是ActivityThread类型
- 调用
ActivityThread的scheduleBindService
android/app/ActivityThread.java
public final void scheduleBindService(IBinder token, Intent intent,
boolean rebind, int processState) {
updateProcessState(processState, false);
BindServiceData s = new BindServiceData();
s.token = token;
s.intent = intent;
s.rebind = rebind;
if (DEBUG_SERVICE)
Slog.v(TAG, "scheduleBindService token=" + token + " intent=" + intent + " uid="
+ Binder.getCallingUid() + " pid=" + Binder.getCallingPid());
sendMessage(H.BIND_SERVICE, s);
}
scheduleBindService会通过sendMessage发送一个BIND_SERVICE类型的消息，最终会调handleBindService
android/app/ActivityThread.java
private void handleBindService(BindServiceData data) {
Service s = mServices.get(data.token);
if (DEBUG_SERVICE)
Slog.v(TAG, "handleBindService s=" + s + " rebind=" + data.rebind);
if (s != null) {
try {
data.intent.setExtrasClassLoader(s.getClassLoader());
data.intent.prepareToEnterProcess();
try {
if (!data.rebind) {
//这里会调用重写的service中的onbind方法获取到一个stub对象
IBinder binder = s.onBind(data.intent);
//publishService 最终会通过AMS调用client端的ServiceDispatcher回调onServiceConnected
ActivityManager.getService().publishService(
data.token, data.intent, binder);
} else {
s.onRebind(data.intent);
ActivityManager.getService().serviceDoneExecuting(
data.token, SERVICE_DONE_EXECUTING_ANON, 0, 0);
}
ensureJitEnabled();
} catch (RemoteException ex) {
throw ex.rethrowFromSystemServer();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
if (!mInstrumentation.onException(s, e)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Unable to bind to service " + s
+ " with " + data.intent + ": " + e.toString(), e);
}
}
}
}
- AMS 调用
publishService通知client绑定结果
com/android/server/am/ActivityManagerService.java
public void publishService(IBinder token, Intent intent, IBinder service) {
// Refuse possible leaked file descriptors
if (intent != null && intent.hasFileDescriptors() == true) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("File descriptors passed in Intent");
}
synchronized(this) {
if (!(token instanceof ServiceRecord)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid service token");
}
mServices.publishServiceLocked((ServiceRecord)token, intent, service);
}
}
void publishServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r, Intent intent, IBinder service) {
final long origId = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
try {
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "PUBLISHING " + r
+ " " + intent + ": " + service);
if (r != null) {
Intent.FilterComparison filter
= new Intent.FilterComparison(intent);
IntentBindRecord b = r.bindings.get(filter);
if (b != null && !b.received) {
b.binder = service;
b.requested = true;
b.received = true;
for (int conni=r.connections.size()-1; conni>=0; conni--) {
ArrayList<ConnectionRecord> clist = r.connections.valueAt(conni);
for (int i=0; i<clist.size(); i++) {
ConnectionRecord c = clist.get(i);
if (!filter.equals(c.binding.intent.intent)) {
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(
TAG_SERVICE, "Not publishing to: " + c);
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(
TAG_SERVICE, "Bound intent: " + c.binding.intent.intent);
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(
TAG_SERVICE, "Published intent: " + intent);
continue;
}
if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG_SERVICE, "Publishing to: " + c);
try {
c.conn.connected(r.name, service, false);
} catch (Exception e) {
Slog.w(TAG, "Failure sending service " + r.name +
" to connection " + c.conn.asBinder() +
" (in " + c.binding.client.processName + ")", e);
}
}
}
}
serviceDoneExecutingLocked(r, mDestroyingServices.contains(r), false);
}
} finally {
Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId);
}
}
c.conn是在ContextImpl.bindServiceCommon中通过mPackageInfo.getServiceDispatcher获取到的IServiceConnection，他的实现类是LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher.InnerConnection
android/app/LoadedApk.java
public void connected(ComponentName name, IBinder service, boolean dead) {
if (mActivityThread != null) {
mActivityThread.post(new RunConnection(name, service, 0, dead));
} else {
doConnected(name, service, dead);
}
}
public void doConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service, boolean dead) {
......
if (service != null) {
mConnection.onServiceConnected(name, service);
} else {
// The binding machinery worked, but the remote returned null from onBind().
mConnection.onNullBinding(name);
}
}
四、client调用server进程的方法
- 获取server的proxy对象
ICompute compute= ICompute.Stub.asInterface(service);
这里会调用AIDL文件自动生成的java类
public static proxy.ICompute asInterface(android.os.IBinder obj) {
if ((obj == null)) {
return null;
}
android.os.IInterface iin = obj.queryLocalInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
if (((iin != null) && (iin instanceof proxy.ICompute))) {
return ((proxy.ICompute) iin);
}
return new ICompute.Stub.Proxy(obj);
}
如果是同一个进程直接返回本进程的Stub对象，如果是不同的进程会new一个Proxy
- 调用server进程中的方法
从上一步可以知道，不同的进程会调用Proxy中的代理方法
public int add(int a, int b) throws android.os.RemoteException {
android.os.Parcel _data = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
android.os.Parcel _reply = android.os.Parcel.obtain();
int _result;
try {
_data.writeInterfaceToken(DESCRIPTOR);
_data.writeInt(a);
_data.writeInt(b);
mRemote.transact(Stub.TRANSACTION_add, _data, _reply, 0);
_reply.readException();
_result = _reply.readInt();
} finally {
_reply.recycle();
_data.recycle();
}
return _result;
}
android.os.Parcel.obtain()会从一个Parcel池中获取一个对象，然后将调用方法的参数写入Parcel
调用transact将数据写入binder驱动中
public boolean transact(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply, int flags) throws RemoteException {
Binder.checkParcel(this, code, data, "Unreasonably large binder buffer");
......
try {
return transactNative(code, data, reply, flags);
} finally {
if (tracingEnabled) {
Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ALWAYS);
}
}
}
public native boolean transactNative(int code, Parcel data, Parcel reply,
int flags) throws RemoteException;
五、获取调用结果
客户端调用transact将数据写入binder驱动后，binder驱动会找到对用的server并调用onTransact
public boolean onTransact(int code, android.os.Parcel data, android.os.Parcel reply, int flags) throws android.os.RemoteException {
switch (code) {
case INTERFACE_TRANSACTION: {
reply.writeString(DESCRIPTOR);
return true;
}
case TRANSACTION_add: {
data.enforceInterface(DESCRIPTOR);
int _arg0;
_arg0 = data.readInt();
int _arg1;
_arg1 = data.readInt();
int _result = this.add(_arg0, _arg1);
reply.writeNoException();
reply.writeInt(_result);
return true;
}
}
return super.onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
}
这里会调用Stub中重写的add方法，并将结果写入reply
