Scrapy-redis的官方文档写的比较简洁,没有提及其运行原理,所以如果想全面的理解分布式爬虫的运行原理,还是得看scrapy-redis的源代码才行,不过scrapy-redis的源代码很少,也比较好懂,很快就能看完。
- Scrapy-redis的源码大致分为以下py文件:connection.py + spider.py
spider.py文件是分布式爬虫的入口代码:
1、通过connection接口,spider初始化时,通过setup_redis()函数初始化好和redis的连接。
2、通过next_requests函数从redis中取出strat url,spider使用少量的start url + LinkExtractor,可以发展出很多新的url,这些url会进入scheduler进行判重和调度。直到spider跑到调度池内没有url的时候,会触发spider_idle信号,从而触发spider的next_requests函数。
3、再次从redis的start url池中读取一些url。
connection.py
import six
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
from . import defaults
# 快速映射settings配置文件中redis的基础配置字典
SETTINGS_PARAMS_MAP = {
'REDIS_URL': 'url',
'REDIS_HOST': 'host',
'REDIS_PORT': 'port',
'REDIS_ENCODING': 'encoding',
}
# 根据scrapy中settings配置文件信息返回一个redis客户端实例对象
def get_redis_from_settings(settings):
params = defaults.REDIS_PARAMS.copy()
params.update(settings.getdict('REDIS_PARAMS'))
for source, dest in SETTINGS_PARAMS_MAP.items():
val = settings.get(source)
if val:
params[dest] = val
if isinstance(params.get('redis_cls'), six.string_types):
params['redis_cls'] = load_object(params['redis_cls'])
return get_redis(**params)
# 返回一个redis的Strictredis实例对象
def get_redis(**kwargs):
redis_cls = kwargs.pop('redis_cls', defaults.REDIS_CLS)
url = kwargs.pop('url', None)
if url:
return redis_cls.from_url(url, **kwargs)
else:
return redis_cls(**kwargs)
spider.py
from scrapy import signals
from scrapy.exceptions import DontCloseSpider
from scrapy.spiders import Spider, CrawlSpider
from . import connection, defaults
from .utils import bytes_to_str
# 实现从redis的队列中读取url
class RedisMixin(object):
"""Mixin class to implement reading urls from a redis queue."""
redis_key = None
redis_batch_size = None
redis_encoding = None
# Redis client placeholder.
server = None
def start_requests(self):
"""Returns a batch of start requests from redis."""
return self.next_requests()
# 链接redis
def setup_redis(self, crawler=None):
"""Setup redis connection and idle signal."""
pass
self.logger.info("Reading start URLs from redis key '%(redis_key)s' "
"(batch size: %(redis_batch_size)s, encoding: %(redis_encoding)s",
self.__dict__)
self.server = connection.from_settings(crawler.settings)
crawler.signals.connect(self.spider_idle, signal=signals.spider_idle)
# 这个方法 的作用就是从redis中获取start_url
def next_requests(self):
"""Returns a request to be scheduled or none."""
use_set = self.settings.getbool('REDIS_START_URLS_AS_SET', defaults.START_URLS_AS_SET)
fetch_one = self.server.spop if use_set else self.server.lpop
# XXX: Do we need to use a timeout here?
found = 0
# TODO: Use redis pipeline execution.
while found < self.redis_batch_size:
data = fetch_one(self.redis_key)
if not data:
# Queue empty.
break
req = self.make_request_from_data(data)
if req:
yield req
found += 1
else:
self.logger.debug("Request not made from data: %r", data)
if found:
self.logger.debug("Read %s requests from '%s'", found, self.redis_key)
def make_request_from_data(self, data):
"""Returns a Request instance from data coming from Redis."""
url = bytes_to_str(data, self.redis_encoding)
return self.make_requests_from_url(url)
def schedule_next_requests(self):
"""Schedules a request if available"""
# TODO: While there is capacity, schedule a batch of redis requests.
for req in self.next_requests():
self.crawler.engine.crawl(req, spider=self)
def spider_idle(self):
"""Schedules a request if available, otherwise waits."""
# XXX: Handle a sentinel to close the spider.
self.schedule_next_requests()
raise DontCloseSpider
class RedisSpider(RedisMixin, Spider):
"""Spider that reads urls from redis queue when idle"""
@classmethod
def from_crawler(self, crawler, *args, **kwargs):
obj = super(RedisSpider, self).from_crawler(crawler, *args, **kwargs)
obj.setup_redis(crawler)
return obj
class RedisCrawlSpider(RedisMixin, CrawlSpider):
"""Spider that reads urls from redis queue when idle."""
@classmethod
def from_crawler(self, crawler, *args, **kwargs):
obj = super(RedisCrawlSpider, self).from_crawler(crawler, *args, **kwargs)
obj.setup_redis(crawler)
return obj
scheduler.py
这个文件重写了scheduler类,用来代替scrapy.core.scheduler的原有调度器。实现原理是使用指定的一个redis内存作为数据存储的媒介,以达到各个爬虫之间的统一调度。
1、scheduler负责调度各个spider的request请求,scheduler初始化时,通过settings文件读取queue和dupefilters(url去重)的类型,配置queue和dupefilters使用的key(一般就是spider name加上queue或者dupefilters,这样对于同一种spider的不同实例,就会使用相同的数据块了)。
2、每当一个request要被调度时,enqueue_request被调用,scheduler使用dupefilters来判断这个url是否重复,如果不重复,就添加到queue的容器中(三种队列方式:先进先出,先进后出和优先级都可以,可以在settings中配置)。
3、当调度完成时,next_request被调用,scheduler就通过queue容器的接口,取出一个request,把他发送给相应的spider,让spider进行爬取工作。
import importlib
import six
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
from . import connection, defaults
class Scheduler(object):
def __init__(self, server,
pass
@classmethod
def from_settings(cls, settings):
kwargs = {
'persist': settings.getbool('SCHEDULER_PERSIST'),
'flush_on_start': settings.getbool('SCHEDULER_FLUSH_ON_START'),
'idle_before_close': settings.getint('SCHEDULER_IDLE_BEFORE_CLOSE'),
}
optional = {
pass
}
for name, setting_name in optional.items():
val = settings.get(setting_name)
if val:
kwargs[name] = val
if isinstance(kwargs.get('serializer'), six.string_types):
kwargs['serializer'] = importlib.import_module(kwargs['serializer'])
server = connection.from_settings(settings)
server.ping()
return cls(server=server, **kwargs)
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
instance = cls.from_settings(crawler.settings)
instance.stats = crawler.stats
return instance
def open(self, spider):
self.spider = spider
pass
def close(self, reason):
if not self.persist:
self.flush()
def flush(self):
self.df.clear()
self.queue.clear()
def next_request(self):
block_pop_timeout = self.idle_before_close
request = self.queue.pop(block_pop_timeout)
if request and self.stats:
self.stats.inc_value('scheduler/dequeued/redis', spider=self.spider)
return request
def has_pending_requests(self):
return len(self) > 0
dupefilter.py
分布式爬虫url去重原理:
通过分析可以知道self.server为redis实例,使用一个key来向redis的一个set中插入fingerprint(这个key对于同一个spider是相同的,redis是一个key-value的数据库,如果key是相同的,访问到的值就是相同的,默认使用spider名字 + fingerpoint的key就是为了区分在不同主机上的不同spider实例,只要数据是同一个spider,就会访问到redis中的同一个spider-set而这个set就是url的判重池)。
import logging
import time
from scrapy.dupefilters import BaseDupeFilter
from scrapy.utils.request import request_fingerprint
from . import defaults
from .connection import get_redis_from_settings
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
# 对请求做去重处理,可以被分布式下不同的schedule调用
class RFPDupeFilter(BaseDupeFilter):
logger = logger
def __init__(self, server, key, debug=False):
self.server = server
self.key = key
self.debug = debug
self.logdupes = True
# 通过settings配置文件信息返回一个redis示例对象
@classmethod
def from_settings(cls, settings):
server = get_redis_from_settings(settings)
key = defaults.DUPEFILTER_KEY % {'timestamp': int(time.time())}
debug = settings.getbool('DUPEFILTER_DEBUG')
return cls(server, key=key, debug=debug)
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls.from_settings(crawler.settings)
def request_seen(self, request):
fp = self.request_fingerprint(request)
added = self.server.sadd(self.key, fp)
return added == 0
# 这个方法是用来调用request_fingerprint接口的,这个接口通过sha1算法来判断两个url请
#求地址是否相同(注意,这里面不完全是我们之前理解的hash了,如果两个url的地址相同,请求方式和参数都相同,
#但是请求参数的前后顺序不同的话也别判定为同一个url地址,)从而达到url的去重功能。
def request_fingerprint(self, request):
return request_fingerprint(request)
# Scrapy's scheduler调用,删除数据,关闭连接
def close(self, reason=''):
self.clear()
# 清空操作记录数据
def clear(self):
"""Clears fingerprints data."""
self.server.delete(self.key)
# 请求日志信息
def log(self, request, spider):
pass
request.py
request_fingerprint接口:
通过request_fingerprint接口,通过sha1算法来判断两个url请求地址是否相同(注意,这里面不完全是我们之前理解的hash了,如果两个url的地址相同,请求方式和参数都相同,但是请求参数的前后顺序不同的话也别判定为同一个url地址
http://www.example.com/query?id=111&cat=222
http://www.example.com/query?cat=222&id=111)从而达到url的去重功能。
"""This module provides some useful functions for working with scrapy.http.Request objects"""
from __future__ import print_function
import hashlib
import weakref
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlunparse
from w3lib.http import basic_auth_header
from scrapy.utils.python import to_bytes, to_native_str
from w3lib.url import canonicalize_url
from scrapy.utils.httpobj import urlparse_cached
_fingerprint_cache = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary()
def request_fingerprint(request, include_headers=None):
"""Return the request fingerprint"""
if include_headers:
include_headers = tuple(to_bytes(h.lower())
for h in sorted(include_headers))
cache = _fingerprint_cache.setdefault(request, {})
if include_headers not in cache:
fp = hashlib.sha1()
fp.update(to_bytes(request.method))
fp.update(to_bytes(canonicalize_url(request.url)))
fp.update(request.body or b'')
if include_headers:
for hdr in include_headers:
if hdr in request.headers:
fp.update(hdr)
for v in request.headers.getlist(hdr):
fp.update(v)
cache[include_headers] = fp.hexdigest()
return cache[include_headers]
queue.py
这是个队列类,它会作为scheduler调度request的容器来维护一个秩序:
1、 scheduler在每个主机上都会实例化一个,并且和spider一一对应,所以分布式运行时会有一个spider的多个实例和一个scheduler的多个实例存在于不同的主机上。
2、因为scheduler都是用相同的容器,而这些容器都连接同一个 redis服务器,又都使用spider名 + queue来作为key 读写数据,所以不同主机上的不同爬虫实例公用一个request调度池,实现了分布式爬虫之间的统一调度。
from scrapy.utils.reqser import request_to_dict, request_from_dict
from . import picklecompat
# 队列基类
class Base(object):
def __init__(self, server, spider, key, serializer=None):
pass
self.server = server
self.spider = spider
self.key = key % {'spider': spider.name}
self.serializer = serializer
def _encode_request(self, request):
"""Encode a request object"""
obj = request_to_dict(request, self.spider)
return self.serializer.dumps(obj)
def _decode_request(self, encoded_request):
"""Decode an request previously encoded"""
obj = self.serializer.loads(encoded_request)
return request_from_dict(obj, self.spider)
def push(self, request):
"""Push a request"""
raise NotImplementedError
def pop(self, timeout=0):
"""Pop a request"""
raise NotImplementedError
def clear(self):
"""Clear queue/stack"""
self.server.delete(self.key)
#队列----先进先出
class FifoQueue(Base):
"""Per-spider FIFO queue"""
def __len__(self):
"""Return the length of the queue"""
return self.server.llen(self.key)
def push(self, request):
# request 进栈,进栈前对request做处理,request请求先被 scrapy的接口request_to_dict
#变成了一个dict对象(因为request对象实在#是比较复杂,有方法有属性不好串行化),
#之后使用picklecompat中的serializer串行化为字符串,然后使用一个特定的key存入redis中
#(该key在同一种spider中是相同的)
self.server.lpush(self.key, self._encode_request(request))
def pop(self, timeout=0):
# request出栈,其实就是从redis用那个特定的key去读其值(一个list),
#从list中读取最早进去的那个,于是就先进先出了.
if timeout > 0:
data = self.server.brpop(self.key, timeout)
if isinstance(data, tuple):
data = data[1]
else:
data = self.server.rpop(self.key)
if data:
return self._decode_request(data)
# 优先级队列
class PriorityQueue(Base):
pass
# 栈----后进先出
class LifoQueue(Base):
pass
SpiderQueue = FifoQueue
SpiderStack = LifoQueue
SpiderPriorityQueue = PriorityQueue
picklecompat.py
这里实现了loads和dumps两个函数,其实就是实现了一个serializer:
1、因为redis数据库不能存储复杂对象(value部分只能是字符串,字符串列表,字符串集合和hash,key部分只能是字符串),所以我们存啥都要先串行化成文本才行。这里使用的就是python的pickle模块,一个兼容py2和py3的串行化工具。
"""A pickle wrapper module with protocol=-1 by default."""
try:
import cPickle as pickle # PY2
except ImportError:
import pickle
def loads(s):
return pickle.loads(s)
def dumps(obj):
return pickle.dumps(obj, protocol=-1)
pipelines.py
pipelines.py中类的作用:
pipeline.py文件用来实现数据分布式处理。它通过从settings中拿到我们配置的REDIS_ITEMS_KEY作为key,把item串行化之后存入redis数据库对应的value中(这个value可以看出是个list,我们的每个item是这个list中的一个结点),这个pipeline把提取出的item存起来,主要是为了方便我们延后处理数据。
from scrapy.utils.misc import load_object
from scrapy.utils.serialize import ScrapyJSONEncoder
from twisted.internet.threads import deferToThread
from . import connection, defaults
default_serialize = ScrapyJSONEncoder().encode
class RedisPipeline(object):
def __init__(self, server,key=defaults.PIPELINE_KEY,serialize_func=default_serialize):
self.server = server
self.key = key
self.serialize = serialize_func
@classmethod
def from_settings(cls, settings):
params = {
'server': connection.from_settings(settings),
}
if settings.get('REDIS_ITEMS_KEY'):
params['key'] = settings['REDIS_ITEMS_KEY']
if settings.get('REDIS_ITEMS_SERIALIZER'):
params['serialize_func'] = load_object(
settings['REDIS_ITEMS_SERIALIZER']
)
return cls(**params)
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls.from_settings(crawler.settings)
def process_item(self, item, spider):
return deferToThread(self._process_item, item, spider)
def _process_item(self, item, spider):
key = self.item_key(item, spider)
data = self.serialize(item)
self.server.rpush(key, data)
return item
def item_key(self, item, spider):
return self.key % {'spider': spider.name}
这个项目通过重写scheduler和spider类,实现了scheduler调度、spider启动和固定redis的交互。实现新的dupefilter和queue类,达到了去重和调度容器和redis的交互,因为每个主机上的爬虫进程都访问同一个redis数据库,所以调度和去重都统一进行统一管理,达到了分布式爬虫的目的。
当spider被初始化时,同时会初始化一个对应的scheduler对象,这个调度器对象通过读取settings,配置好自己的调度容器queue和判重工具dupefilter。每当一个spider产出一个request的时候,scrapy内核会把这个reuqest递交给这个spider对应的scheduler对象进行调度,scheduler对象通过访问redis对request进行判重,如果不重复就把他添加进redis中的调度池。当调度条件满足时,scheduler对象就从redis的调度池中取出一个request发送给spider,让他爬取。当spider爬取的所有暂时可用url之后,scheduler发现这个spider对应的redis的调度池空了,于是触发信号spider_idle,spider收到这个信号之后,直接连接redis读取strart url池,拿去新的一批url入口,然后再次重复上边的工作。