1.use the active voice(verbs)
(1)形式：agent verb recipient
(2)少用 "to be" verb（各种形式的be动词）
(3)被动语态有时候可以省略agent
e.g. mistakes were made (by someone)
不知道到底是谁做的这件事，但在主动语态中不会出现
(3)examples of passive voice:
①my first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me----I will always remember my first visit to Boston
②she is loved (no agent)
③cigarette ads were designed to appeal especially to children (no agent)
如果改为主动就一定会有agent (the responsible party!)
(4)examples of using active voice:
①by applying a high resolution, 90 degree bending magnet downstream of the laser electron interaction region, the spectrum of the electron beams could be observed----we could observe the spectrum of the electron beams by applying a high resolution, 90 degree bending magnet downstream of the laser electron interaction region
②increased promoter occupancy and transcriptional activation of p21 and other target gens were observed----we observed increased promoter occupancy and transcriptional activation of p21 and other target gens
③the activation of Ca++ channels is induced by the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca++ stores----depleting Ca++ from the endoplasim reticulum activates Ca++ channels
改为主动语态的同时可以去掉一些多余的词，主动语态让句子变得更直接！
④additionally, it was found that pre-treatment with antibiotics increased the number of super-shedders, while immunosuppression did not----pre-treating the mice with antibiotics increased the number of super-shedders while immunosuppression did not
(5)advanatages of the active voice
①emphasizes author responsibility
no attempt was made to contact non-responders because they were deemed unimportant to the analysis----we did not attempt to contact non-responders because we deemed them unimportant to the analysis
②improves readability
a strong correlation was found between use of the passive voice and other sins of writing----we found a strong correlation between use of the passive voice and other sins of writing----use of the passive voice strongly correlated with other sins of writing
③reduces ambiguity(歧义)
general dysfunction of the immune system at the leukocyte level is suggested by both animal and human studies----both animal and human studies suggest that diabetics have general immune dysfunction at the leukocyte level
主动语态减少了模糊性，使得句子更具体
(6)passive voice也是可以用的，但一定要是sparingly and purposefully，不可以只是因为出于习惯，比如在method部分，做了什么比谁做更重要，所以用被动更好些
2.is it really ok to use "we" and "I" ?
主动语态必须会用到人称代词，但是在科学论文中使用人称代词真的可以吗
the answer is ok
reason:
①the active voice is livelier and easier to read
②avoiding personal pronouns does not make your science more objective
you/your team designed, conducted, and interpreted the experiments. to imply(暗示，不指出到底是谁做的) otherwise is misleading
the experiments and analysis did not materialize out of thin air
the goal is to be more objective, not to appear more objective
③by agreeing to be an author on the paper, you are taking responsibility for its content. thus, you should also claim responsibility for the assertions in the text by using "we" or "I"
老师：szd！杂志编辑也让我们这么干的！
3.active voice practice
(1)a recommendation was made by the DSMB committee that the study be halted----the DSMB committee recommended that the study be halted
(2)major differences in the reaction times of the two study subjects were found----we observed major differences in the reaction times of the two study subjects/the two study subjects differed in reaction times
(3)it was concluded by the editors that the data had been falsified by the authors----the editors concluded that the authors falsified their data
(4)the first visible-light snapshot of a planet circling another star has been taken by NASA's hubble space telescope----NASA's hubble space telescope has taken the first visible-light snapshot of a planet circling another star
(5)therefore, the hypothesis that the overall kinectics of a double transtibial amputee athlete and an able-bodied sprinter at the same level of performance are not different was rejected----therefore, we rejected the hypothesis that the overall kinectics of a double transtibial amputee athlete and an able-bodied sprinter at the same level of performance are comparable
同时把负结构改成了正结构：are not different----are comparable
4.write with verbs
(1)use strong verbs
pick the right verb(同时可以减少使用副词，合适的动词的含义已经包含了副词)
the WHO reports that approximately two-thirds of the world's diabetics are found in developing countries, and estimates that the number of diabetics in these countries will double in the next 25 year----the WHO estimates that two-thirds of the world's diabetics are found in developing countries, and projects that the number of diabetics in these countries will double in the next 25 year
(2)avoid turning verbs into nouns
during DNA damage, recognition of H3K4me3 by ING2 results in recruitment of Sin3/HDAC and repression of cell proliferation genes----during DNA damage, H3K4me3 recruits ING2 and Sin3/HDAC, which together repress cell proliferation genes
用名词的时候语义有些模糊不清，不知道到底每个蛋白具体的作用
obtain estimates of----estimate
has seen an expansion in----has expanded
provides a methodologic emphasis----emphasizes methodology
take an assessment of----assess
provide a review of----review
offer confirmation of----confirm
make a decision----decide
shows a peak----peaks
provide a description of----describe
(3)don't bury the main verb
谓语要接近主语
one study of 930 adults with multiple sclerosis(MS) receiving care in one of two managed care settings or in a fee-for-service setting found that only two-thirds of those needing to contact a neurologist for an MS-related problem in the prior 6 months had done so----one study found that, of 930 adults with multiple sclerosis(MS) receiving care in one of two managed care settings or in a fee-for-service setting, only two-thirds of those needing to contact a neurologist for an MS-related problem in the prior 6 months had done so
