"50 Cognitive Biases to be aware of so You Can Be the Very Best Version of You" is a statement emphasizing the importance of understanding cognitive biases in order to improve oneself.
“50种认知偏误的认识，让你成为最好的自己”这句话强调了理解认知偏误对于自我提升的重要性。
The human brain is a complex system and often falls prey to cognitive biases, which can distort our thinking and decision-making.
人脑是一个复杂的系统，经常会受到认知偏误的影响，这会扭曲我们的思维和决策过程。
These biases surface in everyday situations, from minor disagreements on social media to significant decisions affecting our global perspective.
这些偏见出现在日常情境中，从社交媒体上的小争论到影响我们全球观点的重大决策。
For example, groupthink can lead to poor decisions in business as everyone aligns their opinions with perceived group consensus, avoiding conflict.
例如，团体迷思可能导致商业决策失误，因为每个人都将自己的意见与感知的集体共识对齐，以避免冲突。
Another bias, anchoring, can cause us to overvalue the first piece of information we receive, like an original price, affecting subsequent decisions such as purchases during sales.
另一个偏见，锚定效应，会导致我们对我们接收到的第一条信息（比如原始价格）给予过高的价值，影响随后的决策，如打折期间的购买。
Understanding and recognizing these cognitive biases can empower us to make better, more rational choices.
理解和认识这些认知偏误可以使我们有能力做出更好、更理性的选择。
Cognitive bias refers to the systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, where individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input.
认知偏误指的是从规范或合理性判断中系统性偏离的模式，个体从他们对输入的感知中创造自己的“主观现实”。
Social proofing, a non-cognitive bias, influences our behavior based on the perceived actions of others, while cognitive dissonance represents the mental stress experienced when we encounter conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values.
社会认同，一种非认知偏误，根据我们对他人行为的感知来影响我们的行为，而认知失调则代表当我们遇到相互冲突的信念、想法或价值时所经历的心理压力。
The placebo effect demonstrates how expectations and beliefs can lead to real physical changes, highlighting the power of the mind over the body.
安慰剂效应展示了期望和信念如何导致真实的身体变化，突显了心灵对身体的影响力。
Now, let's look at some common examples to understand how cognitive biases influence our everyday decisions.
现在，让我们来看一些常见的例子，以理解认知偏误如何影响我们的日常决策。
1. Fundamental Attribution Error 基本归因错误
这张图片展示了基本归因错误的概念。左侧，一位开车的男子面露愤怒，似乎是因为其他司机开得慢，他的思维泡泡中写着“其他人故意开得慢或阻碍”，这表明他将交通拥堵的原因归咎于其他司机的故意行为，而没有考虑到交通状况等情境因素。
右侧的图像描绘了同一男子，此时他坐在人行道上，看起来有些懊悔和沮丧。他的思维泡泡中的文字“对不起，我不是故意的”，表明他意识到自己之前可能误解了情况，认识到了自己的错误归因。
整体上，这张图片反映了人们倾向于过度依赖个性解释他人行为的倾向，而忽视了影响行为的外部环境和情境因素。
English Explanation:
The Fundamental Attribution Error occurs when we attribute a person's actions to their character rather than to external factors. When someone else makes a mistake, we often blame their personality or abilities, but when we make the same mistake, we tend to blame the situation or context.
中文解释：
基本归因错误是当我们将一个人的行为归咎于他们的性格而不是外部因素时发生的。当别人犯错时，我们通常会责怪他们的个性或能力，但当我们犯同样的错误时，我们倾向于责怪情境或环境。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Your coworker is late to a meeting and you think, "He's always so irresponsible." But when you're late, you think, "The traffic was terrible."
你的同事迟到了，你想，“他总是这么不负责任。”但当你迟到时，你想，“交通太糟糕了。”
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Instead of immediately judging your coworkers, you consider that they might have encountered unexpected traffic or an emergency, just as you might have.
与其立即判断你的同事，不如考虑他们可能遇到了意外的交通堵塞或紧急情况，就像你可能会遇到的那样。
2. Self-Serving Bias 自利偏见
这张插图展示了“自利偏见”的概念。图中有两种对照的情景。一边，一位中东血统的人物高举奖杯，自豪地向他人展示，他的思维泡泡中写着“我赢了因为我是最棒的！”，暗示他将成功归因于个人的能力。
另一边，同一个人物带着参与奖缎带，坐在那里显得沮丧，他的思维泡泡中写着“我输了是因为评委不公平！”，这表明他将失败归咎于外部因素。
这幅画直观地说明了人们倾向于将个人的成功归功于自己的努力和技能，而将失败归咎于外界环境和其他人的偏见，这是自利偏见的本质。
English Explanation:
Self-Serving Bias is a tendency to attribute our successes to our own abilities and efforts, while attributing our failures to external factors and situations beyond our control.
中文解释：
自利偏见是一种倾向，即将我们的成功归因于我们自己的能力和努力，而将我们的失败归因于我们无法控制的外部因素和情况。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
When you win a game, you think, "I won because I'm skilled," but when you lose, you think, "I lost because the game was unfair."
当你赢了一场比赛，你认为，“我赢是因为我有技巧”，但当你输了时，你认为，“我输是因为游戏不公平。”
Correct Example (正确的例子):
You acknowledge that while skill played a role in your victory, luck and the efforts of your teammates were also important. Similarly, when you lose, you consider your own areas for improvement instead of just blaming external factors.
你承认，虽然技巧在你的胜利中起了作用，但运气和队友的努力也很重要。同样，当你输了时，你会考虑自己需要改进的地方，而不是仅仅责怪外部因素。
3. In-Group Favoritism 内群体偏好
这幅插图展示了“内群体偏好”的社会心理概念。
在一个多元化的工作场所环境中，图的前景显示了一位南亚血统的人对一位东亚血统的同事竖起了大拇指，暗示了对自己团队或群体成员的正面偏见。
在背景中，一位黑人血统的人被一位西班牙血统的人忽视，没有与他握手，这表明了他被排除在内群体之外。
这幅图反映了个体倾向于偏爱自己群体的成员而非其他群体成员的趋势。
English Explanation:
In-Group Favoritism is the cognitive bias where individuals prefer and prioritize members of their own group over those of an out-group.
中文解释：
内群体偏好是个体倾向于偏爱和优先考虑自己群体中的成员而非外部群体的成员的认知偏见。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
In a workplace, voting for a less qualified project proposal because it was submitted by a department colleague, ignoring a superior proposal from another department.
在工作场所中，因为一个项目提案是由部门同事提交的，就为其投票，即使不太合格，也忽视了另一个部门提交的更优秀的提案。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Evaluating all project proposals based on merit, regardless of which department they come from, ensuring that the best ideas are chosen.
基于项目提案的优点进行评估，不管它们来自哪个部门，确保选择最好的想法。
4. Bandwagon Effect 跟风效应
这幅插图展示了“跟风效应”的概念。
画面中，不同血统的一群人——一位白人、一位黑人、一位西班牙人和一位南亚人——都朝着同一个方向行走，跟随着一个写着“这里去潮流！”的标志。
一位看起来犹豫不决的中东血统人物在观察其他人，并迈出步伐好像决定加入人群。
这描绘了一个观点：人们常常因为看到别人这么做而采纳某些信仰或行为，而不是基于他们自己的信念，这正是跟风效应的本质。
English Explanation:
The Bandwagon Effect is a cognitive bias where individuals do something primarily because other people are doing it, regardless of their own beliefs, which they may ignore or override.
中文解释：
跟风效应是指个体主要因为其他人在做某事而做同样的事，不管他们自己的信仰是什么，他们可能会忽略或压制这些信仰的认知偏见。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Buying a product just because it's trending, even if you don't need it or it doesn't align with your original preferences.
仅因为一种产品正在流行就购买它，即使你不需要它或它并不符合你原来的偏好。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Making purchasing decisions based on research and personal needs rather than just following what is popular at the moment.
基于研究和个人需求做出购买决定，而不仅仅是跟随目前的流行趋势。
5. Groupthink 团体迷思
这幅插图展现了“团体迷思”的概念。
图中显示了一个会议室，围坐在桌子周围的是一群多元化的人——一位白人、一位东亚人、一位黑人和一位中东人。
他们的思维泡泡中都有相同的想法，一个亮着的灯泡，表明他们都持相同的观点。
一位南亚血统的人站在翻页板前，板上有一个不同的想法——一个问号，但他看起来迟疑不决，不愿意分享自己的想法。
这反映了团体迷思的特点：在团体的思考压力下，个体往往会遵从大多数人的想法，压抑不同的声音。
English Explanation:
Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty or ineffective decisions for the sake of reaching a consensus, often suppressing dissenting viewpoints and isolating themselves from outside opinions.
中文解释：
团体迷思是指为了达成共识，一个团体做出错误或无效决策的情况，这通常会压制不同的观点并使自己与外界意见隔绝。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A team decides to proceed with a flawed plan because all members do not want to disrupt the unanimity, even though some members have serious reservations.
一个团队决定继续执行一个有缺陷的计划，因为所有成员都不想破坏一致性，即使一些成员有严重的保留意见。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
A team encourages open discussion, welcomes objections, and considers all perspectives before making a decision, ensuring that the decision is well thought out.
一个团队鼓励开放讨论，欢迎反对意见，并在做决策之前考虑所有观点，确保决策经过深思熟虑。
6. Halo Effect 光环效应
English Explanation:
The Halo Effect is a type of cognitive bias where the impression of a person in one area (such as attractiveness or professionalism) influences one's judgment of that person in other areas.
中文解释：
光环效应是一种认知偏见，一个人在某一领域（如吸引力或专业性）的印象会影响一个人在其他领域对这个人的判断。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Assuming a good-looking person is also inherently kind or intelligent, based solely on their appearance.
仅仅基于一个人的外表，就假设一个好看的人也天生善良或聪明。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Evaluating a person's kindness or intelligence based on their actions and behaviors, rather than their physical appearance.
基于一个人的行为和举止评估他们的善良或智力，而不是他们的外貌。
7. Moral Luck 道德运气
English Explanation:
Moral luck refers to situations where a person is judged morally based on outcomes that are beyond their control.
中文解释：
道德运气指的是一个人基于他们无法控制的结果在道德上被判断的情况。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A driver who accidentally hits a pedestrian is seen as more morally culpable than another who was driving just as recklessly but didn't hit anyone.
一个不小心撞到行人的司机被视为比另一个开车同样鲁莽但没有撞到任何人的司机在道德上更有责任。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
A person's moral standing is judged based on their intentions and actions, not on the fortunate or unfortunate outcomes of those actions.
一个人的道德地位是基于他们的意图和行动来判断的，而不是基于那些行动的幸运或不幸的结果。
8. False Consensus 错误共识效应
English Explanation:
The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate how much other people share our beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes.
中文解释：
错误共识效应是指高估其他人分享我们的信仰、行为和态度的倾向。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Believing that most of your colleagues dislike a certain policy because you and a few of your closest coworkers dislike it.
因为你和几个最亲密的同事不喜欢某个政策，就相信你的大多数同事也不喜欢这个政策。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Surveying a broader range of colleagues to get an accurate understanding of the general opinion on the policy before making any assumptions.
在做任何假设之前，调查更广泛的同事范围，以准确了解对政策的普遍看法。
9. Curse of Knowledge 知识的诅咒
English Explanation:
The curse of knowledge is a cognitive bias that occurs when an individual, communicating with other individuals, unknowingly assumes that the others have the background to understand.
中文解释：
知识的诅咒是指一个人在与其他人交流时，无意中假设其他人有理解背景的认知偏见。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A software developer uses technical jargon when explaining a simple error to a non-technical user, assuming they understand the terminology.
一个软件开发者在向一个非技术用户解释一个简单的错误时使用技术术语，假设他们理解这些术语。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
The developer explains the error in plain language that can be easily understood by someone without a technical background.
开发者用简单的语言解释错误，即使是没有技术背景的人也能容易理解。
10. Spotlight Effect 聚光灯效应
English Explanation:
The spotlight effect is the phenomenon where people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are.
中文解释：
聚光灯效应是人们倾向于相信他们被注意的比实际上更多的现象。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Walking into a room and thinking that everyone is noticing and judging your clothing.
走进一个房间，认为每个人都在注意和评判你的衣服。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Realizing that everyone is likely to be more concerned with themselves and that your entrance may not be as prominent as you feel.
意识到每个人可能更关心自己，你的出现可能没有你感觉的那么突出。
11.Availability Heuristic 可得性启发
English Explanation:
The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.
中文解释：
可得性启发式是一种心理简便法则，它依赖于在评估特定主题、概念、方法或决策时立即想到的例子。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Believing that shark attacks are common because of frequent news stories about shark attacks, despite statistics showing they are rare.
由于经常有关于鲨鱼攻击的新闻报道，所以认为鲨鱼攻击很常见，尽管统计数据显示它们很罕见。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Understanding that news stories often focus on rare and dramatic events and seeking out statistical data to form a more accurate assessment of risk.
理解新闻报道通常关注罕见和戏剧性事件，并寻找统计数据以形成更准确的风险评估。
12. Defensive Attribution 防御性归因
English Explanation:
Defensive attribution is a bias where a witness to an event may blame the victim less if they can relate to them, especially if they feel vulnerable to the same misfortune.
中文解释：
防御性归因是一种偏见，如果目击事件的人能与受害者产生共鸣，特别是如果他们感到自己也容易遭受同样的不幸，他们可能会对受害者的责备较少。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A person who never drives blaming a car accident victim for not being careful enough, even when the victim was not at fault.
一个从不开车的人责备一个汽车事故受害者不够小心，即使受害者没有过错。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
A driver empathizes with a car accident victim, realizing that a similar accident could happen to them, leading to less victim-blaming.
一个司机与车祸受害者产生共鸣，意识到类似的事故可能发生在他们身上，从而减少了对受害者的责备。
13. Just-World Hypothesis 正义世界假设
English Explanation:
The just-world hypothesis is the cognitive bias that a person's actions always bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, essentially the belief that the world is just.
中文解释：
正义世界假设是一种认知偏见，认为一个人的行为总会给那个人带来道德上公正和恰当的后果，本质上是相信世界是公正的。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Assuming a person who has experienced a theft must have done something to deserve it.
假设一个经历盗窃的人一定做了什么应得的事情。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Recognizing that bad things can happen to good people and that life is not always fair.
认识到坏事可能发生在好人身上，生活并不总是公平的。
14. Naïve Realism 天真现实主义
English Explanation:
Naïve realism is the belief that we see the world precisely as it is, assuming that our perception of reality is the only accurate one, and that people who disagree with us must be uninformed, irrational, or biased.
中文解释：
天真现实主义是我们看到世界正如其本来面目的信念，假设我们对现实的感知是唯一准确的，不同意我们的人一定是不了解情况的、不理智的或有偏见的。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Dismissing another person's opinion on a social issue simply because it differs from your own, without considering their perspective.
仅仅因为另一个人在社会问题上的意见与你不同，就不考虑他们的观点而驳回。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Acknowledging that your own view is subject to bias and limitations and actively seeking out different perspectives
承认自己的观点受到偏见和限制的影响，并积极寻找不同的视角以理解更大的情况。
15. Naïve Cynicism 天真的愤世嫉俗
English Explanation:
Naïve cynicism is the belief that, while we see the world objectively, others are unduly influenced by their self-interests and biases more than they actually are.
中文解释：
天真的愤世嫉俗是这样一种信念：虽然我们客观地看待世界，但其他人过分受到他们自己的利益和偏见的影响，超过了他们实际上的情况。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Assuming that co-workers' suggestions in a meeting are driven purely by self-interest rather than genuine concern for the project.
假设同事在会议上的建议完全是出于个人利益而不是对项目的真正关心。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Realizing that while personal biases exist, it is possible for others to have honest and valid points that contribute to the discussion.
意识到虽然个人偏见存在，但其他人可能有诚实和有效的观点，这些观点有助于讨论。
16. Forer Effect (aka Barnum Effect) Forer效应（又称Barnum效应)
English Explanation:
The Forer Effect, or Barnum Effect, is a psychological phenomenon where individuals believe that vague and general personality descriptions apply specifically to them, though they could apply to a wide range of people.
中文解释：
Forer效应（又称Barnum效应）是一种心理现象，个体相信含糊和普遍的人格描述特别适用于他们，尽管这些描述可能适用于广泛的人群。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A horoscope that says "You have a great need for other people to like and admire you" and taking it as a highly personalized statement.
占星术说“你非常需要别人喜欢和欣赏你”，并将其视为高度个性化的陈述。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Recognizing that a statement like "At times you are extroverted, affable, sociable, while at other times you are introverted, wary, and reserved" is so general it could apply to anyone.
认识到像“有时你是外向的、和蔼的、社交的，而其他时候你是内向的、谨慎的、保留的”这样的陈述非常泛泛，可以适用于任何人。
17. Dunning-Kruger Effect 达克效应
English Explanation:
The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias wherein people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability, while people with high ability underestimate their competence.
中文解释：
达克效应（Dunning-Kruger Effect）是一种认知偏误，任务能力低的人高估了自己的能力，而高能力的人低估了自己的能力。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Inexperienced cook thinks they can easily run a restaurant because they managed a few successful dinners at home.
一个没有经验的厨师认为他们可以轻松地经营一家餐厅，因为他们在家成功地准备了几次晚餐。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
A seasoned scientist is aware of the complexity of their field and feels they know very little, despite being an expert.
一位经验丰富的科学家意识到他们领域的复杂性，并感到自己知之甚少，尽管他们是专家。
18. Anchoring 锚定效应
English Explanation:
Anchoring is the cognitive bias where an individual relies too heavily on the first piece of information they encounter (the "anchor") when making decisions.
中文解释：
锚定效应是一种认知偏误，个体在做决定时过分依赖他们遇到的第一条信息（“锚定”）。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
First hearing a house is worth $300,000 and then always thinking of it as expensive, even if later learning the actual market is much higher.
首先听到一座房子值30万美元，然后总是认为它很贵，即使后来了解到实际市场价值要高得多。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
A car salesman mentions a high initial price for a vehicle, which affects the customer's subsequent judgments about the value and negotiation of the price.
汽车销售员提到了汽车的高初始价格，这影响了顾客随后对价值和价格谈判的判断。
19. Automation Bias 自动化偏见
English Explanation:
Automation bias occurs when people have an excessive dependence on automated systems, which can lead to ignoring correct decisions or information in favor of machine-provided solutions.
中文解释：
自动化偏见是指人们过分依赖自动化系统，这可能导致忽视正确的决定或信息，而偏向于机器提供的解决方案。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A pilot ignores their expertise in flying conditions and relies solely on the autopilot, even when they know it's not functioning properly.
飞行员忽视了他们对飞行条件的专业知识，仅仅依赖自动驾驶仪，即使他们知道它没有正常工作。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
A doctor uses a diagnostic software for initial suggestions but evaluates its recommendations against their own knowledge and additional tests.
医生使用诊断软件进行初步建议，但会根据他们自己的知识和额外的测试评估其推荐。
20. Google Effect (aka Digital Amnesia) 谷歌效应（又称数字健忘症）
English Explanation:
The Google Effect or Digital Amnesia refers to the tendency to forget information that can be easily found using internet search engines like Google.
中文解释：
谷歌效应（又称数字健忘症）是指容易通过谷歌等互联网搜索引擎找到的信息被遗忘的倾向。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Believing you remember the capitals of all countries because you looked them up once online.
因为你曾经在网上查过一次，所以你相信自己记得所有国家的首都。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Forgetting the specifics of a historical event because you know you can always get the details from an online search.
因为你知道你总是可以从在线搜索中获得详细信息，所以忘记了历史事件的具体细节。
21. Reactance 反应性
English Explanation:
Reactance is a psychological reaction where individuals do the opposite of what they are told, often in response to a perceived threat to their personal freedoms.
中文解释：
反应性是一种心理反应，个体常常做与他们被告知的相反的事情，通常是对个人自由的感知威胁作出的回应。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Following instructions closely because you believe it's the best way to maintain your freedom.
因为你相信这是维护你自由的最佳方式，所以你会仔细遵循指示。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Choosing not to wear a seatbelt despite laws and safety warnings, because you feel your personal freedom is being infringed.
尽管有法律和安全警告，但因为你感觉你的个人自由受到侵犯，所以选择不系安全带。
22. Confirmation Bias 确认偏误
English Explanation:
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
中文解释：
确认偏误是一种倾向，即以某种确认某人已有信仰或假设的方式来搜索、解释、偏爱和回忆信息。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Changing your opinion when presented with information that contradicts your beliefs.
当呈现与你的信仰相矛盾的信息时改变你的观点。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Ignoring credible news sources that report negatively about your favored political party, and only trusting sources that show the party in a positive light.
忽略报道你偏爱的政党负面消息的可信新闻源，只信任以积极光芒展示该党的来源。
23. Backfire Effect 逆火效应
English Explanation:
The backfire effect occurs when people react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening their beliefs, rather than reconsidering them.
中文解释：
逆火效应发生在人们通过加强他们的信仰而不是重新考虑他们来对待反证据的反应时。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Admitting you were wrong when someone shows you evidence that contradicts your opinion.
当有人向你展示与你意见相矛盾的证据时，承认你错了。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Refusing to accept climate change data and becoming more convinced of your stance against it when presented with scientific evidence of global warming.
当呈现全球变暖的科学证据时，拒绝接受气候变化数据并更加确信你反对它的立场。
24. Third-Person Effect 第三人效应
English Explanation:
The third-person effect hypothesizes that individuals believe others are more influenced by mass media and persuasive messages than they themselves are.
中文解释：
第三人效应假设个体相信别人比他们自己更容易受到大众媒体和说服性信息的影响。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Acknowledging that you are just as likely as others to be swayed by advertising.
承认你和其他人一样有可能被广告所影响。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Assuming your peers are more likely to be persuaded by a commercial, while you remain skeptical and unaffected.
假设你的同龄人更有可能被一则商业广告所说服，而你保持怀疑和不受影响。
25. Belief Bias 信仰偏误
English Explanation:
Belief bias is the tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the believability of their conclusions rather than the logic or evidence presented.
中文解释：
信仰偏误是根据结论的可信度而不是所呈现的逻辑或证据来判断论据强度的倾向。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Carefully considering the validity of an argument, even if its conclusion challenges your existing beliefs.
即使结论挑战你现有的信仰，也仔细考虑一个论点的有效性。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Accepting a poorly supported argument because it concludes in alignment with your own views.
因为结论与你自己的观点一致，所以接受一个支持不充分的论点。
26. Availability Cascade 可得性级联
English Explanation:
The availability cascade is a cognitive social process where a belief becomes more popular and accepted in the public sphere through increased repetition in media and public discourse.
中文解释：
可得性级联是一个认知社会过程，一个信念通过在媒体和公共话语中的增加重复变得在公众领域更受欢迎和接受。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Assuming a fact is false because it has not been repeated often in public forums.
假设一个事实是假的，因为它没有在公共论坛中被经常重复。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Believing that shark attacks are common because of frequent news stories about shark sightings and attacks, despite statistics showing they are rare.
尽管统计数据显示鲨鱼攻击很罕见，但由于频繁的鲨鱼目击和攻击新闻故事，你相信鲨鱼攻击是常见的。
27. Declinism 衰退论
English Explanation:
Declinism is the belief that a society or institution is in decline, often romanticizing the past and perceiving the future negatively.
中文解释：
衰退论是一种信念，认为一个社会或机构正在衰退，常常将过去理想化，并负面地看待未来。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Believing that every new technological advancement is a step toward a better future.
相信每一个新的技术进步都是朝着更好的未来迈进的一步。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Claiming that the education system used to be more effective in the past without acknowledging improvements or changes in contemporary education methods.
声称教育系统在过去更有效，而不承认现代教育方法的改进或变化。
- Status Quo Bias 现状偏误
English Explanation:
Status quo bias is the preference to keep things the same or maintain a previous decision rather than change.
中文解释：
现状偏误是保持事物不变或维持先前决策而不是改变的偏好。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Excitedly adopting a new software tool because it promises to make your work more efficient, ignoring the potential for disruption.
因为它承诺让你的工作更有效率，所以兴奋地采用一个新的软件工具，忽略了潜在的破坏性。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Refusing to switch from a traditional phone to a smartphone, despite the clear advantages, because you're used to the old one.
尽管有明显的优势，但因为你习惯了旧手机，所以拒绝从传统手机换到智能手机。
29. Sunk Cost Fallacy (Escalation of Commitment) 沉没成本谬误
English Explanation:
The sunk cost fallacy is the misjudgment where people continue to invest in a decision based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the cost, starting fresh, may be lower.
中文解释：
沉没成本谬误是一种错误判断，人们继续在一个决定上投资，基于累积的先前投资，尽管新的证据表明从头开始的成本可能会更低。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Choosing to abandon a project after realizing initial costs are not recoverable.
在意识到初始成本无法回收后选择放弃一个项目。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Continuing to attend a bad movie because you've already paid for the ticket, rather than leaving to do something more enjoyable.
因为你已经为电影票付费，所以继续观看一部糟糕的电影，而不是离开去做更有趣的事情。
30. Gambler’s Fallacy 赌徒谬误
English Explanation:
The gambler's fallacy is the erroneous belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa.
中文解释：
赌徒谬误是错误的信念，如果某事在一段给定时间内发生得比正常情况更频繁，那么将来它会发生得更少，反之亦然。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Assuming that because it rained all week, it will not rain on the weekend.
假设因为整个星期都在下雨，所以周末不会下雨。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
After seeing several red cars pass by, believing the next car is less likely to be red because there have been so many in a row.
在看到几辆红色汽车经过后，认为下一辆汽车不太可能是红色的，因为已经连续有这么多辆红色汽车了。
31.Zero-Risk Bias 零风险偏误
English Explanation:
Zero-risk bias is the tendency to prefer the complete elimination of a risk even when alternative options produce a greater reduction in overall risk.
中文解释：
零风险偏误是指倾向于完全消除一个风险，即使其他选择可以产生更大的整体风险减少。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Choosing a medicine that reduces the chance of a common cold by 10% instead of one that reduces the risk of severe illness by 5%.
选择一种药物，它降低普通感冒的几率为10%，而不是选择一种将严重疾病风险降低5%的药物。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Preferring to buy a lottery ticket with a 0% loss guarantee (getting your money back if you don't win) over a ticket with a higher chance of winning but no guarantee.
更喜欢购买有0%亏损保证的彩票（如果不中奖就退款），而不是购买中奖机会更高但没有保证的彩票。
32. Framing Effect 框架效应
English Explanation:
The framing effect is the phenomenon where people make different decisions based on how the same factual information is presented.
中文解释：
框架效应是指人们基于相同事实信息的不同呈现方式做出不同决策的现象。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Consistently making the same choice, regardless of how the information is framed.
无论信息如何呈现，始终做出相同的选择。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Opting for surgery when told it has a 90% survival rate, but avoiding it when told there is a 10% mortality rate, even though the statistics are the same.
当被告知手术有90%的生存率时选择手术，但当被告知有10%的死亡率时避免手术，尽管统计数据是相同的。
33. Stereotyping 成见
English Explanation:
Stereotyping is the act of assigning attributes to individuals solely based on their membership in a particular group, without acknowledging individual variability.
中文解释：
成见是仅仅基于个人属于某个特定群体就给他们赋予属性的行为，而不承认个体差异。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Evaluating someone's skills based on direct observation of their performance.
基于对他们表现的直接观察来评估某人的技能。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Assuming all software engineers are not good at public speaking without considering individual abilities.
假设所有软件工程师都不擅长公共演讲，而不考虑个人能力。
34.Outgroup Homogeneity Bias 外群体同质性偏见
English Explanation:
Outgroup homogeneity bias is the perception that individuals in a group outside our own are similar to each other, while perceiving our in-group as more differentiated.
中文解释：
外群体同质性偏见是这样一种看法：我们自己群体外的个体彼此相似，而我们自己的群体则更加有差异。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Appreciating the unique characteristics of each member in a rival sports team.
欣赏对手运动队中每个成员的独特特点。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Believing all fans of another sports team have the same negative qualities without recognizing the diversity among their fanbase.
认为另一个运动队的所有粉丝都有相同的负面品质，而不认识到他们粉丝群中的多样性。
35. Authority Bias
English Explanation:
Authority bias is the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure, regardless of the content.
中文解释：
权威偏见是一种倾向，不管内容如何，都将更高的准确性归于权威人物的意见。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Assessing the validity of a claim based on evidence rather than the status of the person making the claim.
基于证据而非提出声明的人的地位来评估一个声明的有效性。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Following medical advice from a celebrity rather than a certified doctor.
遵循名人的医疗建议而不是合格医生的建议。
36. Placebo Effect 安慰剂效应
English Explanation:
The placebo effect occurs when a person experiences a physiological or psychological improvement after taking a treatment with no therapeutic effect, due to their belief in the treatment's efficacy.
中文解释：
安慰剂效应发生在个体在使用没有治疗效果的处理后体验到生理或心理上的改善，这种改善是由于他们对治疗效果的信念。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Feeling pain relief after taking a medicine known to be effective for your condition.
在服用已知对你的病状有效的药物后感到疼痛缓解。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Feeling less anxious after taking a sugar pill, believing it's a powerful anti-anxiety medication.
在服用糖丸后感觉不那么焦虑，因为认为它是强效的抗焦虑药物。
37.Survivorship Bias 幸存者偏差
English Explanation:
Survivorship bias is the logical error of concentrating on the people or things that made it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, often leading to false conclusions.
中文解释：
幸存者偏差是一种逻辑错误，它集中在那些通过某些选拔过程的人或事物上，并忽视了那些没有通过的人或事物，这常常会导致错误的结论。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Evaluating the success rates of startups by considering all startups equally, whether they failed or succeeded.
通过平等地考虑所有的初创企业（无论成功与否）来评估初创企业的成功率。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Highlighting the stories of successful entrepreneurs without acknowledging the much larger number who failed.
突出成功企业家的故事，而不承认失败的企业家数量要多得多。
38. Tachypsychia
English Explanation:
Tachypsychia is a distortion of perceived time, which can occur during stressful events, leading to the sensation that time is moving slower or faster than normal.
中文解释：
心理时间加速是一种感知时间的扭曲，它可能在压力事件期间发生，导致时间感觉比正常情况下移动得更慢或更快。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Experiencing time consistently regardless of emotional state or events happening around you.
无论情绪状态或周围发生的事件如何，都一致地体验时间。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Feeling like only minutes have passed during a traumatic event, when in fact much longer has passed.
在创伤事件中感觉只过了几分钟，实际上已经过去了很长时间。
39. Law of Triviality (Bike-Shedding) 琐碎法则
English Explanation:
The law of triviality, also known as "bike-shedding," refers to the tendency to give disproportionate time and energy to trivial issues while neglecting more significant ones.
中文解释：
琐碎法则，也被称为“自行车棚效应”，指的是将不成比例的时间和精力花在琐碎问题上，而忽视更重大问题的倾向。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Spending equal time on both minor and major issues during a meeting.
在会议中对小问题和大问题花费相同的时间。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Arguing for hours over the color of a new bike shed while ignoring the discussion of the construction of a new nuclear power plant.
在新自行车棚的颜色上争论数小时，而忽略了新核电站建设的讨论。
40. Zeigarnik Effect Zeigarnik效应
English Explanation:
The Zeigarnik effect is the psychological phenomenon where people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks.
中文解释：
Zeigarnik效应是一种心理现象，人们对未完成或被打断的任务比完成的任务有更好的记忆。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Forgetting what you were about to say after being interrupted in a conversation.
在谈话中被打断后忘记你正要说什么。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Remembering the details of a project you're still working on more vividly than the one you've completed.
比起已经完成的项目，更生动地记住你还在进行中的项目的细节。
41.IKEA Effect IKEA效应
English Explanation:
The IKEA effect is the cognitive bias that causes people to place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created or assembled themselves.
中文解释：
IKEA效应是一种认知偏差，它导致人们对他们部分创造或自己组装的产品赋予过高的价值。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Valuing a piece of furniture less after assembling it yourself.
在自己组装家具后对其价值评估更低。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Feeling proud of and valuing a bookshelf more because you assembled it yourself, despite minor imperfections.
尽管有轻微瑕疵，但因为自己组装了书架，感到自豪并对其评价更高。
42. Ben Franklin Effect 本·富兰克林效应
English Explanation:
The Ben Franklin effect is a psychological phenomenon in which we are more likely to develop a positive attitude and do another favor for someone we have already helped than for someone who has helped us.
中文解释：
本·富兰克林效应是一种心理现象，我们更倾向于对我们已经帮助过的人产生积极态度，并为他们再做一个恩惠，而不是对帮助过我们的人。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Refusing to help someone again because you remember how much effort it took the first time.
因为记得第一次帮助时付出了多少努力，所以拒绝再次帮助某人。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Feeling more inclined to lend money to a friend you've already assisted with moving, rather than expecting them to pay you back for the moving help first.
比起期待朋友先偿还搬家的帮助，更倾向于借钱给一个你已经帮助过搬家的朋友。
43.Bystander Effect 旁观者效应
English Explanation:
The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
中文解释：
旁观者效应是一种社会心理现象，当其他人在场时，个体提供帮助给受害者的可能性会降低。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A person calls for help in a crowded area, and immediately everyone rushes to assist.
在一个拥挤的区域里，有人呼救，立即每个人都冲上前去提供帮助。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Walking past a person in distress on a busy street, assuming someone else will help.
在繁忙的街道上经过一位处于困境中的人，假设其他人会提供帮助。
44.Suggestibility 暗示性
English Explanation:
Suggestibility is a psychological vulnerability to accept and act on suggestions by others, often leading to false memories, especially in children.
中文解释：
暗示性是一种心理易感性，它使人接受并根据他人的建议行事，这经常导致错误的记忆，尤其是在儿童中。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A child remembering a school event accurately despite their peers suggesting false details.
尽管同伴提供了错误的细节，一个孩子还是准确地记得了一个学校事件。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
A child recalling a trip to the amusement park with details that were actually suggested by their parents, not from their own experience.
一个孩子回忆游乐园之旅时，提到的细节实际上是父母暗示的，而不是自己的亲身体验。
45. False Memory 错误记忆
English Explanation:
False memory is the psychological phenomenon where a person recalls something that did not happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually occurred.
中文解释：
错误记忆是一种心理现象，个体回忆起的事情实际上并没有发生，或者与事情实际发生的方式不同。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Recalling a memory in detail just as it happened without any alterations.
详细回忆一个记忆，就像它发生时没有任何改变一样。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Remembering being lost in a mall as a child, even though it never happened, influenced by hearing a similar story from a relative.
记得小时候在商场迷路了，尽管这从未发生过，这种记忆是受到了听亲戚讲述类似故事的影响。
46. Cryptomnesia 隐匿记忆
English Explanation:
Cryptomnesia occurs when a person mistakenly believes that a current thought or idea is a product of their own creation when, in fact, they have encountered it before and forgotten about it.
中文解释：
隐匿记忆是指一个人错误地认为当前的想法或创意是他们自己创造的，实际上他们之前遇到过这个想法，但忘记了。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
A writer consciously takes a story idea from another author's book, fully aware it's not their original idea.
一个作家有意从另一本书中取材故事想法，完全意识到这不是他们原创的想法。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
A musician composes a melody, believing it to be original, but it's actually similar to a tune they heard years ago and forgot.
一个音乐家创作了一段旋律，认为它是原创的，但实际上它与他们多年前听过然后忘记的曲调相似。
47. Clustering Illusion 聚类幻觉
English Explanation:
The clustering illusion is the cognitive bias where an individual sees patterns in random data where none actually exists.
中文解释：
聚类幻觉是一种认知偏差，个体在随机数据中看到了实际上不存在的模式。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Analyzing statistical data correctly to identify genuine trends and patterns.
正确分析统计数据以识别真正的趋势和模式。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Looking at a random set of numbers and mistakenly identifying a sequence or trend.
看着一组随机数字，错误地识别出一个序列或趋势。
48. Pessimism Bias 悲观偏差
We don’t think we have bias, and we see in others more than ourselves.
人信不认为自己有偏见，还会觉得别人比自己更偏激。
English Explanation:
Pessimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes.
中文解释：
悲观偏差是指过高估计负面结果发生的可能性的倾向。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Expecting the best possible outcome in a situation despite historical trends suggesting otherwise.
尽管历史趋势表明不然，但还是期望在某种情况下得到最好的结果。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Assuming a job interview went poorly, despite positive feedback, because of a general expectation that things will go wrong.
尽管有积极的反馈，但由于普遍预期事情会出错，假设一次工作面试进行得不好。
49. Optimism Bias 乐观偏差
We sometimes are over-optimistic about good outcomes.
我信有时对好结果过于乐观。
"It's going to turn out great! "
水还有半杯呢，一切会好起来的。
English Explanation:
Optimism bias is the tendency to believe that we are less likely to experience negative events and more likely to experience positive events.
中文解释：
乐观偏差是指我们相信自己不太可能经历负面事件，更有可能经历正面事件的倾向。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Preparing for the worst despite having no indication of bad outcomes.
尽管没有坏结果的迹象，但还是为最坏的情况做准备。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Driving without a seatbelt, thinking you won't get into an accident because you're a good driver.
没有系安全带开车，因为你认为自己是一个好司机，不会发生事故。
50 Blind Spot Bias 盲点偏差
We don’t think we have bias, and we see in others more than ourselves.
人信不认为自己有偏见，还会觉得别人比自己更偏激。
"I am not biased!"
『我没有偏见』
English Explanation:
Blind spot bias is the cognitive bias where individuals recognize the impact of biases on the judgment of others while failing to see the impact of biases on their own judgment.
中文解释：
盲点偏差是一种认知偏差，个体认识到偏见对他人判断的影响，但未能看到偏见对自己判断的影响。
Incorrect Example (错误的例子):
Acknowledging your own biases in judgment and actively working to mitigate them.
承认你在判断中的偏见，并积极努力减轻它们。
Correct Example (正确的例子):
Criticizing others for being biased while insisting that your own views are completely objective.
批评别人有偏见，同时坚持自己的观点完全客观。
